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Eastern Pacific Coral Reef Provinces, Coral Community Structure and Composition: An Overview

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Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific

Part of the book series: Coral Reefs of the World ((CORW,volume 8))

Abstract

Advances in our knowledge of eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) coral reef biogeography and ecology during the past two decades are briefly reviewed. Fifteen ETP subregions are recognized, including mainland and island localities from the Gulf of California (Mexico) to Rapa Nui (Easter Island, Chile). Updated species lists reveal a mean increase of 4.2 new species records per locality or an overall increase of 19.2 % in species richness during the past decade. The largest increases occurred in tropical mainland Mexico, and in equatorial Costa Rica and Colombia, due mainly to continuing surveys of these under-studied areas. Newly discovered coral communities are also now known from the southern Nicaraguan coastline. To date 47 zooxanthellate scleractinian species have been recorded in the ETP, of which 33 also occur in the central/south Pacific, and 8 are presumed to be ETP endemics. Usually no more than 20–25 zooxanthellate coral species are present at any given locality, with the principal reef-building genera being Pocillopora, Porites, Pavona, and Gardineroseris. This compares with 62–163 species at four of the nearest central/south Pacific localities. Hydrocorals in the genus Millepora also occur in the ETP and are reviewed in the context of their global distributions. Coral community associates engaged in corallivory, bioerosion, and competition for space are noted for several localities. Reef framework construction in the ETP typically occurs at shallow depths (2–8 m) in sheltered habitats or at greater depths (10–30 m) in more exposed areas such as oceanic island settings with high water column light penetration. Generally, eastern Pacific reefs do not reach sea level with the development of drying reef flats, and instead experience brief periods of exposure during extreme low tides or drops in sea level during La Niña events. High rates of mortality during El Niño disturbances have occurred in many ETP equatorial areas, especially in Panama and the Galápagos Islands during the 1980s and 1990s. Remarkably, however, no loss of resident, zooxanthellate scleractinian species has occurred at these sites, and many ETP coral reefs have demonstrated significant recovery from these disturbances during the past two decades.

By consensus, authors are arranged alphabetically after lead author P. W. Glynn

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Acknowledgments

The following organizations facilitated research in the ETP: Mexico—Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) project numbers 108302 and 183534; Costa Rica—Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), University of Costa Rica; Panama—University of Panama, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI); Colombia—Colciencias, Conservation International, Fundación para la Promoción de la Investigación y la Tecnología del Banco de la República, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (INVEMAR), Parques Nacionales Naturales, Universidad del Valle, World Wildlife Fund, and members of the Coral Reef Research Group at Universidad del Valle; Ecuador—Charles Darwin Foundation, Galápagos National Park Service, Charles Darwin Research Station; Conservation International; Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Saudi Arabia; Chile, Rapa Nui—Henri and Michel Garcia (ORCA Diving Center), H. Buck-Weise, I. Burgues, A. Medrano, T. Navarrete Fernandez, A. Perés-Matus, FONDECYT grant no. 1130167, and Center for Marine Conservation Nucleo Milenio Initiative P10-033F; research at several ETP sites was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (Biological Oceanography Program) and the U.S. National Geographic Society. Assistance with coral distributional records and species identifications was kindly offered by I.B. Baums, E.H. Borneman, S.D. Cairns, D. Fenner, D.K. Hubbard, and J.E.N. Veron. Joshua Levy helped with the graphics, tables, and organization of the text, and Rafael Araujo with editorial advice. The organization and clarity of this overview benefitted greatly from suggestions offered by A.C. Baker, W.M. Goldberg, and L.T. Toth. Finally, we are all indebted to the late John W. Wells, directly or indirectly, for showing us the way in the study of eastern Pacific corals.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, USA

    Peter W. Glynn

  2. Escuela de Biología/Museo de Biología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica

    Juan J. Alvarado

  3. Marine Ecosystem Research Programme, Charles Darwin Research Station, Galápagos, Ecuador; Conservation International, c/o Christian Lavoie, Av. Catalina Aldáz N34-181 y Portugal, Edificio Titanium II, Piso 4, of. 402, Quito, Ecuador

    Stuart Banks

  4. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Escuela de Biología, Ciudad de la Investigación, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica

    Jorge Cortés

  5. Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314-7796, USA

    Joshua S. Feingold

  6. Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC), The Cyprus Institute (CyI), P.O. Box 27456, 1645, Nicosia, Cyprus

    Carlos Jiménez

  7. Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kilauea, P.O. Box 1338, Honolulu, HI, 96754, USA

    James E. Maragos

  8. Instituto Nazca de Investigaciones Marinas, Avenida 12 de Octubre, # 1615, entre calle 20 y 21, Salinas, Ecuador

    Priscilla Martínez

  9. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 0843-03092, Panama, Republic of Panama

    Juan L. Maté

  10. Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, # 326 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA

    Diana A. Moanga

  11. Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia, Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-d, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile

    Sergio Navarrete

  12. Departamento Académico de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Carretera al sur km 5.5. col. El Mezquitito, 23080, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico

    Héctor Reyes-Bonilla

  13. Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, 8000 North Ocean Drive, Dania, FL, 33004, USA

    Bernhard Riegl

  14. Instituto Nazca de Investigaciones Marinas, Avenida 12 de Octubre # 1615, entre calle 20 y 21, Salinas, Ecuador

    Fernando Rivera

  15. Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, NOAA Inouye Regional Center, 1845 Wasp Blvd, Bldg #176, Honolulu, HI, 96818, USA

    Bernardo Vargas-Ángel

  16. Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, and Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, La Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile

    Evie A. Wieters

  17. Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Apartado Aéreo 25360, Cali, Colombia

    Fernando A. Zapata

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  1. Peter W. Glynn
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter W. Glynn .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. RSMAS MBE, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA

    Peter W. Glynn

  2. NOAA/AOML, Miami, Florida, USA

    Derek P. Manzello

  3. RSMAS CIMAS - NOAA/AOML, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA

    Ian C. Enochs

Appendix: Coral Species Presence (1)/Absence (0) Data Matrix

Appendix: Coral Species Presence (1)/Absence (0) Data Matrix

Presence/absence of zooxanthellate scleractinian corals at 15 eastern Pacific and four central/south Pacific localities. Recent sources for each locality are listed in the caption to Fig. 5.7. No species re-assignments were attempted for the central/south Pacific taxa listed. Pocillopora verrucosa and Pocillopora elegans are treated as separate species. GOC, Gulf of California; TMM, tropical mainland Mexico; REV, Revillagigedo Islands; CLP, Clipperton Atoll; ELS, El Salvador; NIC, Nicaragua; CRM, Costa Rican mainland; COC, Cocos Islands; PAN, Panama; COL, Colombia; MAL, Malpelo Island; ECD, Ecuador; GLS, southern Galápagos Islands; GLN, northern Galápagos Islands; RPN, Rapa Nui (Easter Island); HAW, Hawaii Is., including the NW Is.; JOH, Johnston Atoll; PIT, Pitcairn Islands, including Pitcairn, Henderson, Oeno, and Ducie Islands; PAL, Palmyra Atoll.

Species

Locality

GOC

TMM

REV

CLP

ELS

NIC

CRM

COC

PAN

COL

MAL

ECD

GLS

GLN

RPN

HAW

JOH

PIT

PAL

Acropora abrotanoides

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora aculeus

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora acuminata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora aspera

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora austere

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora cerealis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

Acropora cf. solitaryensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora clathrata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora cymbicyathus

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Acropora cytherea

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Acropora delicatula

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Acropora digitifera

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora divaricata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora elseyi

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

Acropora florida

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora formosa a

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora gemmifera b

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Acropora glauca

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Acropora globiceps

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora granulosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora humilis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Acropora hyacinthus

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora latistella

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora listeri

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora longicyathus

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora loripes

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Acropora lutkeni

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora microclados

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora microphthalma

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora monticulosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora multiacuta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora nana

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora nasuta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Acropora palmerae

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Acropora paniculata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

Acropora pocilloporina

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora polymorpha

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Acropora polystoma

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora reticulata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Acropora retusa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

Acropora robusta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora samoensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora secale

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora selago

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

Acropora sp. (Line and Phoenix Is.)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora sp. (slanted cones)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora sp. B

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

Acropora sp. C

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

Acropora spicifera

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora squarrosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora striata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora subulata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora syringodes c

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Acropora tenuis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora tortuosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Acropora valida

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Acropora vaughni

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Acropora verweyi

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Acropora yongei

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

Alveopora tizardi

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Alveopora verrilliana

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Astreopora cf. moretonensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Astreopora expansa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Astreopora gracilis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Astreopora listeri

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Astreopora myriophthalma

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Astreopora ocellata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Astreopora suggesta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Caulastrea cf. furcata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Coscinaraea columna

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Coscinaraea wellsi

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Ctenactis echinata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Cycloseris curvata

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1i

0

0

0

0

0

Cycloseris cyclolites

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Cycloseris fragilis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Cycloseris sp.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Cycloseris tenuis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Cycloseris vaughani

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

Cyphastrea ocellina

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

Cyphastrea serailia

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Diaseris distorta

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1i

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

Echinophyllia aspera

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Echinophyllia echinata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Echinophyllia sp.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favia amicorum

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Favia chinensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Favia favus

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favia matthaii

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Favia pallida

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favia rotumana

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Favia rotundata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favia speciosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favia stelligera

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Favites abdita

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favites flexuosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favites halicora

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favites pentagona

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Favites russelli

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Fungia concinna

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Fungia fungites

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Fungia granulosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Fungia horrida

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Fungia moluccensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Fungia paumotensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Fungia repanda

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Fungia scutaria

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Gardineroseris planulata

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

Goniastrea australensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Goniastrea edwardsi

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Goniastrea pectinata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Goniastrea retiformis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Halomitra pileus

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Herpolitha limax

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Hydnophora exesa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Hydnophora microconos

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Hydnophora pilosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Hydnophora rigida

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Isopora brueggemanni

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

Isopora cuneata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Isopora palifera

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Leptastrea agassizi

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Leptastrea bewickensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Leptastrea hawaiiensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Leptastrea pruinosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

Leptastrea purpurea

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

Leptastrea sp. A

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Leptastrea sp. B

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Leptastrea sp. C

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Leptastrea transversa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

Leptoria phrygia

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Leptoseris hawaiiensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

Leptoseris incrustans

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

Leptoseris mycetoseroides

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Leptoseris papyracea

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Leptoseris scabra

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

Leptoseris solida

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

Leptoseris tubulifera

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Lobophyllia corymbosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Lobophyllia hemprichii

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Merulina ampliata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montastrea annuligera

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montastrea curta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Montipora aequituberculata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Montipora australiensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Montipora bilaminata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Montipora caliculata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Montipora capitata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Montipora complanata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Montipora crassituberculata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Montipora danae

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montipora dilatata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Montipora efflorescens

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montipora elschneri

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Montipora flabellata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

Montipora foliosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montipora foveolata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Montipora grisea

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Montipora hoffmeisteri

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

Montipora informis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montipora lobulata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Montipora millepora

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montipora monasteriata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montipora nodosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Montipora patula

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

Montipora peltiformis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Montipora socialis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Montipora sp. 4 cf. incrassata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

Montipora tuberculosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

Montipora venosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Montipora verrilli

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

Montipora verrucosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

Pachyseris sp.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Pachyseris speciosa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Parahalomitra robusta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Pavona cactus

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Pavona chiriquiensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

Pavona clavus

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

Pavona divaricata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Pavona duerdeni

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

Pavona explanulata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Pavona frondifera

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Pavona gigantea

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

Pavona maldivensis

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

Pavona minuta

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Pavona sp. cf. pollicata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Pavona sp. 1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Pavona varians

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

Platygyra daedalea

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Platygyra lamellina

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Platygyra pini

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Platygyra ryukyuensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Platygyra sinensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Plesiastrea versipora

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Pocillopora damicornis

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Pocillopora danae

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

Pocillopora effusus

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

Pocillopora elegans

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

Pocillopora eydouxi

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Pocillopora inflata

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

Pocillopora laysanensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Pocillopora ligulata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

1j

1j

1

1

1

0

0

Pocillopora meandrina

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Pocillopora molokensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

Pocillopora sp.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Pocillopora sp. 1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Pocillopora sp. 2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Pocillopora sp. 11 cf. capitata

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

Pocillopora verrucosa

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

Pocillopora woodjonesi

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

Pocillopora zelli

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Porites aff. Annae

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

Porites annae

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Porites arnaudi

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Porites australiensis

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Porites baueri

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Porites brighami

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Porites compressa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Porites duerdeni

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Porites evermanni

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

Porites hawaiiensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Porites lichen

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Porites lobata

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Porites lutea d

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

Porites murrayensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Porites panamensis

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Porites pukoensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Porites rus

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

Porites solida e

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Porites sp.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Porites studeri f

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Porites superfusa

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Porites sverdrupi

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Porites vaughani

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Psammocora albopicta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Psammocora brighami

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

Psammocora contigua

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Psammocora explanulata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Psammocora haimeana g

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Psammocora nierstraszi

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

Psammocora obtusangula

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Psammocora profundacella

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Psammocora stellata

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

Psammocora superficialis h

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

Psammocora verrilli

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Sandalolitha robusta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Scolymia cf. vitiensis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Siderastrea glynni

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Stylocoeniella guentheri

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Stylophora pistillata

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Symphyllia recta

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Turbinaria frondens

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Turbinaria reniformis

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Turbinaria sp.

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

 

19

26

25

21

11

10

25

22

27

28

13

23

20

22

15

62

44

87

163

  1. aWallace (1999) recognizes this species as Acropora muricata
  2. bWalsh et al. (2013)
  3. cA junior synonym of A. longicyathus
  4. dThis species is probably Porites evermanni
  5. eA frequently misnamed species
  6. fType locality in Hawaii
  7. gFrequently confused with Psammocora nierstraszi
  8. hFrequently confused with Psammocora explanulata
  9. iOnly dead skeletons present
  10. jRequires confirmation (see Hickman 2008)

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Glynn, P.W. et al. (2017). Eastern Pacific Coral Reef Provinces, Coral Community Structure and Composition: An Overview. In: Glynn, P., Manzello, D., Enochs, I. (eds) Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_5

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