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Dust Production Mechanisms

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Book cover Mineral Dust

Abstract

This chapter is concerned with dust production mechanisms, that is, the interactions between the wind and the surface that lead to the emission of fine soil particles. Mineral dust emissions mainly result from wind erosion in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Wind is thus the main driver of emissions, but surface characteristics also play a key role for their spatial distribution, intensity and frequency. This chapter describes the main stages involved in dust emission: the erosion threshold, the saltation flux and the dust production by sandblasting, with a focus on the influence of the surface characteristics. For each of these stages, the involved physical processes and their parameterisations are described with a discussion on their limitations. The first stage, the erosion threshold, corresponds to the minimum wind velocity that must be reached for the initiation of soil particle movement. This threshold depends on the soil properties (size distribution and moisture) and surface roughness. It is a key parameter for dust emission, since it controls the frequency of dust emission events. The horizontal motion of soil particles close to the surface is mainly a saltation motion, where soil particles rebound on the surface and initiate the movement of other soil particles. These rebounds also lead to the ejection of fine dust particles from the surface or the saltating aggregates, which correspond to the sandblasting process. Recent field measurements show that saltation is a prerequisite for intense dust emissions. While the erosion threshold and the saltation flux are well understood and reasonably quantified, the amount and size of the dust emitted by sandblasting and their dependence on soil properties and wind intensity are still insufficiently described to provide reliable parameterisations. Significant progresses in the description and parameterisation of dust emission processes have been achieved in the last 20 years, which allow a better understanding of the properties that makes specific areas active or non-active dust sources. However, additional investigation on the saltation and sandblasting processes, both from a theoretical and experimental point of view, is still needed. Special attention must be paid to the link with soil properties and its implications on the size distribution of the emitted dust.

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  1. Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR CNRS 7583, Universités Paris Est – Paris Diderot, IPLS, Créteil, France

    Beatrice Marticorena

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  1. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, University of Leeds, School of Earth & Environment, Leeds, UK, Karlsruhe, Germany

    Peter Knippertz

  2. MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Department of Marine Sedimentology, University of Bremen, NIOZ – Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Geology and Chemical Oceanography, Texel, The Netherlands, Bremen, Germany

    Jan-Berend W. Stuut

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Marticorena, B. (2014). Dust Production Mechanisms. In: Knippertz, P., Stuut, JB. (eds) Mineral Dust. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8978-3_5

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