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Decrease in evaporation over the Indian monsoon region: implication on regional hydrological cycle

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Abstract

Using surface observations from 58 widely distributed stations over India, a highly significant (99.9 %) decreasing trend of pan evaporation (Epan) of 9.24 mm/a/a is calculated for 1971 to 2010. This constitutes a ~10 % reduction of Epan over the last four decades. While Epan is decreasing during the wet summer monsoon season (JJAS), as well as during the dry rest of the year, the rate of decrease during the dry season is much larger than that during the wet season. Apart from increasing solar dimming, surface winds are also persistently decreasing over the Indian sub-continent at the rate of −0.02 m/s/a resulting in ~40 % reduction over the last four decades. Based on PenPan model, it is shown that both the above factors contribute significantly to the decreasing trend in Epan. On a continental scale, annual mean potential evaporation (Ep) is larger than rainfall (P or Ep-P > 0, moisture divergence) indicating that India is water-limited. However, during wet monsoon P > Ep (or Ep-P < 0, moisture convergence) indicating that India is energy-limited during this season. Long term data shows that annually Ep-P follows a significant decreasing trend indicating that water limitation is decreasing with time. This is largely due to stronger decreasing trend of Ep-P during the dry season compared to weaker increasing trend of Ep-P during the wet monsoon season. The scatter plot of Ep-P versus Ep also conveys that the decrease in Ep leads to increase in moisture convergence in wet season and decrease in moisture divergence in dry season.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank India Meteorological Department (IMD) for providing the data. We are also grateful to Prof. Mike Wallace for his comments and suggestions on the earlier version of this paper. Also thank Suresh Boyina for his help in data analysis. Our Institute is funded by Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India. Also thankful to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions in improving the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, 411 008, India

    B. Padmakumari & B. N. Goswami

  2. India Meteorological Department, Pune, 411 005, India

    A. K. Jaswal

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  1. B. Padmakumari
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Correspondence to B. Padmakumari.

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Padmakumari, B., Jaswal, A.K. & Goswami, B.N. Decrease in evaporation over the Indian monsoon region: implication on regional hydrological cycle. Climatic Change 121, 787–799 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0957-3

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