An ethic of care in the dialogical space : what do NGOs learn from their conversations with states? : case studies from Scotland and Zambia
Abstract
The increase in the presence and influence of Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGOs) locally and internationally is having a noticeable effect on the policy process at a
national level. While the NGO sector is more commonly examined at an international level,
its impact at the state and sub-state level remains unexplored. This gap in the literature is
addressed as a primary problem in this thesis. By exploring the relationship between the
NGO and the state, the significance of this relationship is emphasised as a necessary
inclusion in International Relations literature.
The NGO sector presents civil society with a road into, and in some cases an
alternative to, traditional modes of political advocacy. This increases civil society’s ability to
impact the policy process by creating, what is identified in this thesis as, a dialogical space.
The dialogical space allows for an exchange of ideas and thus influences the decision-making
process of the state, if and when it is explored. Furthermore, the dialogical space facilitates,
as is shown here, learning through the conversations that take place between NGOs and the
state. This thesis asks ‘what do NGOs learn from their conversations with states?’ and
presents the ‘lessons learned’ from Scottish and Zambian case studies.
NGOs are identified here as civil society in organisation and have a particular
relationship with the communities they represent. This relationship is empirically examined
and presented here in the Scottish and Zambian case studies. This thesis examines the
relationship between the NGO and civil society, and most importantly the relationship
between the NGO and the state using the ethic of care as a theoretical lens. Conclusions are drawn from the interviews conducted during the fieldwork. The ethic of care is located in
practice and used as a theoretical lens to examine what the local NGOs learn from their
interactions with the state. Both case studies confirm that an ethic of care is a prevalent
ethic in NGO practice, as identified by the NGO workers interviewed. Furthermore, when
used as an analytical lens the ethic of care is shown to be used as a tool by NGOs to nurture
an ethic of care in statesmanship.
The thesis specifically highlights that NGOs have learned from their conversations
with states and that, through the creation and use of the dialogical space, an ethic of care in
practice can be traced. The greater significance of this thesis is that it addresses the
relationship between the NGO and the state at a local and national level; a topic which is
lacking in current IR literature, despite being of crucial value for understanding the state’s
interaction with non-state actors, in this case local NGOs. Furthermore, through the use of
the ethic of care both as an exploratory lens and in its identification as a practical ethic, this
thesis highlights the importance of an ethic of care in theory and practice.
Type
Thesis, PhD Doctor of Philosophy
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