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両手の拳，社会，宇宙 : 手の指による数の指示法に組み込まれたキプシギスのコスモロジー
https://doi.org/10.15021/00004305
https://doi.org/10.15021/00004305d2943d47-b862-468a-b044-7f32f075866e
| 名前 / ファイル | ライセンス | アクション |
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KH_014_1_002.pdf (3.2 MB)
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| Item type | 紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paper(1) | |||||||||||
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| 公開日 | 2010-02-16 | |||||||||||
| タイトル | ||||||||||||
| タイトル | 両手の拳，社会，宇宙 : 手の指による数の指示法に組み込まれたキプシギスのコスモロジー | |||||||||||
| タイトル | ||||||||||||
| タイトル | Both Hands, Society, and Cosmos : Kipsigis's Cosmology Embeded in Their Counting System on Fingers | |||||||||||
| 言語 | en | |||||||||||
| 言語 | ||||||||||||
| 言語 | jpn | |||||||||||
| 資源タイプ | ||||||||||||
| 資源タイプ識別子 | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 | |||||||||||
| 資源タイプ | departmental bulletin paper | |||||||||||
| ID登録 | ||||||||||||
| ID登録 | 10.15021/00004305 | |||||||||||
| ID登録タイプ | JaLC | |||||||||||
| 著者 |
小馬, 徹
× 小馬, 徹
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| 抄録 | ||||||||||||
| 内容記述タイプ | Abstract | |||||||||||
| 内容記述 | The Kipsigis of Kenya have been using, as a tradition, decimal notation. However, they hate and try to avoid counting not only their members but also domestic animals, just like many other east African pastoral peoples. This could be the reason why they seem to have had, at first, the notion of number simply consisting of just the most basic numbers from one to ten. This plain notion of number is closely linked with the verb's aspect system of the Kipsigis language, and their views of time and space. In counting 1-5 on fingers, a Kipsigis uses the left hand folding the fingers one by one. The little finger represents 1; the third finger 2; the middle finger 3; the forefinger 4; the thumb 5. In counting 6-10, he adds the fingers of the right hand to the left fist, one at a time. Now, the little finger represents 6; the third finger 7; the middle finger 8; the forefinger 9; the thumb 10. According to old Kipsigis men, the most basic numbers of 1-10, at the same time, imply something more than the notion of number. 1-5, which are shown by the thumb and fingers of the left hand, symbolise oneself (1), oneself and the other, which represents the community (2), conflictive situations existing between oneself and the community (3), harmonious situations existing between oneself and the community (4), and the completion of the cosmic harmony (5), respectively. In other words, the numbers represented by the thumb and fingers of the lefthand (1-5) symbolise the development of one's consciousness by steps from self-orientated state to community-orientated state. On the other hand, each of 6-10, which are represented by the thumb and fingers of right hand, just expresses linguistically that the indicated number is big and difficult to comprehend. Thus 10 (taman) literally means "It beats me" ( Taamenan). Above all, 5 (mut) and 10 (taman) linked themselves with the notions of past, present, and future on which Kipsigis view time bases, as shown below. A transitive verb, mut, signifies i) to encircle, and ii) to cut something into two. When a man `clenches a fist' (mumut) with the left hand , to connote 5, this divides the entire set of the basic numbers (1-10) into two, i.e., the already counted 5 (1-5) and the uncounted 5 (6-10). In Kipsigis amut, which can literally mean 'I cut it into two , is for yesterday. Mutai means morning in the Kipsigis language in general, and yet it means to-morrow in the northern Kipsigis dialect, just as in some other Kalenjin languages, including Nandi and Terik. In addition, mutai can literally mean 'the first (tai) five (mut). Here making a fist for counting 5 is associated with a rotation of the sun, which causes day and night. And therefore closing both hands to count 10 is connected with the doubled rotation of the sun, and, as the result, with yesterday (oin). Being the last number in the Kipsigis's basic numerical counting system, 10 is also connected with the day after tomorrow and the day before yesterday, which are the terminals in the Kipsigis's day-counting system. Taman (10) shares the common stem tam with a word tam, which means 'to become difficult' as an intransitive verb, and 'every day' as an adverb . Then, koyoin (i.e., the day after tomorrow) is closely associated with yoin or yoindet (i.e., the creator) which is usually referred as Asis. Asis is the Kipsigis's omnipotent God that can be the sun as its emblem. On the other hand, oin (i.e., the day before yesterday) is closely associated with oindet, which means a dead ancestor. In Kipsigis view of time, the two-tiered mutai (tomorrow)/ koyoin (the day after tomorrow) set faces its counterpart, the amut (yesterday) /oin (the day before yesterday) set, with ra or raini (i.e., today) between. The verb's time-aspect system rather faithfully reflects Kipsigis's view of time, for the two-tiered verb's future-aspect set of tomorrow and the day after tomorrow confronts the two-tiered past-aspect set of yesterday and the day before yesterday with a today-aspect between. In Kipsigis, the view of time is highly infiltrated by that of space. Adverbs of time are formed on the basis of local adverbs. Space is divided into three strata, i.e., over there (at a remote place), there (out of reach of the speaker), and here (within reach of the speaker), with the last one as the starting point. The three strata are indicated by the suffixes, -i, -on, and -in, respectively. Sets of pronouns also share a similar stratification. Moreover, the binary opposition of koyoin (the day after tomorrow)/oin (the day before yesterday) has firm association with another binary opposition of east/west, through the intermediation of yoindet (the creator God sensed through the sun)/ oindet (dead ancestor, who is in charge of death in its clan) binary opposition. As the most important nucleus in the Kipsigis's symbolism, east represents the creator, the sun, sunrise, life, sky, future, and menfolk, whereas west represents ancestors, the moon, sunset, earth, past, and womenfolk. All in all, the Kipsigis system of counting on fingers is considered to be well-embeded in their symbolism as a whole. |
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| 書誌情報 |
国立民族学博物館研究報告 en : Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology 巻 14, 号 1, p. 117-165, 発行日 1989-07-27 |
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| 出版者 | ||||||||||||
| 出版者 | 国立民族学博物館 | |||||||||||
| 出版者（英） | ||||||||||||
| 出版者 | National Museum of Ethnology | |||||||||||
| ISSN | ||||||||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | ISSN | |||||||||||
| 収録物識別子 | 0385-180X | |||||||||||
| 書誌レコードID | ||||||||||||
| 収録物識別子タイプ | NCID | |||||||||||
| 収録物識別子 | AN00091943 | |||||||||||
| 著者版フラグ | ||||||||||||
| 出版タイプ | VoR | |||||||||||
| 出版タイプResource | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 | |||||||||||
