Assessing the effectiveness and the economic impact of evacuation: the case of the island of Vulcano, Italy

Evacuation planning and management represent a key aspect of volcanic crises because they can increase people’s protection as well as minimize potential impacts on the economy, properties and infrastructure of the affected area. We present an agent-based simulation tool that assesses the effectiveness of different evacuation scenarios using the small island of Vulcano (southern Italy) as a case study. Sim- ulation results show that the overall time needed to evacuate people should be analysed together with the percentage of people evacuated as a function of time and that a simulta- neous evacuation on Vulcano is more efficient than a staged evacuation. For example, during the touristic (high) season between July and August, even though the overall duration is similar for both evacuation strategies, after ∼ 6 h about 96 % of people would be evacuated with a simultaneous evacua- tion, while only 86 % would be evacuated with a staged evac- uation. We also present a model to assess the economic im- pact of evacuation as a function of evacuation duration and of the starting period with respect to the touristic season. It re- veals that if an evacuation lasting 3 to 6 months was initiated at the beginning or at the end of the touristic season (i.e. June or November), it would cause a very different economic im- pact on the tourism industry (about 78 %–88 % and 2 %–7 % of the total annual turnover, respectively). Our results show how the assessment of evacuation scenarios that consider human and economic impact carried out in a pre-disaster con- text helps authorities develop evacuation plans and make in- formed decisions outside the highly stressful time period that characterizes crises.