Decentralized fractional order control scheme for LFC of deregulated nonlinear power systems in presence of EVs and RER

Load frequency control scheme is one of the main control procedures in large electric grids incorporating electric vehicles. Load frequency control controllers play an important role in maintaining both the frequency in each area and the exchanged power between the different areas in permissible range. With moving conventional power systems toward the smart grid concept, the penetration level of electric vehicles and renewable energy resources has been rapidly increased. With such a growth in renewable energy sources integration into the grid, controlling the load frequency is a major operational challenge encountered in electric grids necessitating to be carefully investigated. To this end, a new fractional order control scheme is designed for the interconnected power systems considering the deregulation environment. The fractional order controller is characterized with a higher freedom degree compared to the conventional that make it possible to have a much better control performance. Also, the participation of electric vehicles in providing a secondary power reserve for a future smart grid is studied in this paper. The controllers' parameters are tuned via several evolutionary algorithms such as imperialist competitive algorithm, differential algorithm and others. Several numerical analyses are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the control scheme that is proposed in this paper. Likewise, the effectiveness of electric vehicles and renewable generation's participation in load frequency control is examined.