Desenvolvimento de um embutido cárneo fermentado, com teores reduzidos de gordura e sais de cura, através da utilização de culturas probióticas
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Data
2016-03-01
Autores
Roselino, Mariana Nougalli [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Embutidos fermentados, processados e consumidos sem aquecimento, são os produtos cárneos mais promissores para a veiculação de probióticos, entretanto, apresentam como desvantagens o alto teor de gordura, presença de nitrito e nitrato residual e de compostos potencialmente tóxicos, como as aminas bioativas. O presente trabalho estudou o efeito da utilização de bactérias láticas com propriedade hipolipemiante nas características tecnológicas, sensoriais e de segurança de um embutido cárneo fermentado, similar ao salame, com teores de gordura, nitrito e nitrato reduzidos. Os potenciais efeitos benéficos do produto foram investigados em um estudo in vitro. Duas cepas probióticas (Enterococcus faecium CRL183 e Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL1014) foram testadas, separadamente, como culturas iniciadoras. Os embutidos com baixo teor de gordura (redução de 60%) foram processados em seis formulações: 2 - culturas tradicionais sem redução de sais de cura (nitrito 0,015% e nitrato 0,005%); 3 - culturas tradicionais e teor reduzido de sais de cura (nitrito 0,007% e nitrato 0,003%); 4, 5, 6, 7 – culturas probióticas (E. faecium CRL183 e L. acidophilus CRL1014) com teores normais e reduzidos de sais de cura, respectivamente. Para efeito de comparação, um produto controle (1 - culturas tradicionais, sem redução de gordura e de sais de cura) também foi produzido. As culturas probióticas (Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 e Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 1014) foram submetidas a testes preliminares para determinação da resistência às concentrações de sais de cura usualmente empregadas em produtos cárneos fermentados e avaliação da capacidade de produção de substâncias antimicrobianas pela técnica spot-on-lawn. A qualidade dos embutidos foi avaliada através de análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas, no início do processamento e durante os períodos de maturação e estocagem. Foram realizados testes de aceitação a cada 30 dias de armazenamento e, uma análise descritiva quantitativa (ADQ) com os embutidos prontos para o consumo (T30). O embutido que apresentou as melhores características nos testes anteriores foi submetido a um teste in vitro, em simulador do ecossistema microbiano humano (SEMH), para avaliação da sobrevivência gastrintestinal do microrganismo probiótico, determinação do efeito do produto cárneo probiótico na produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e de amônia e na modulação da microbiota intestinal. Nas análises de sensibilidades aos sais de cura, a cepa E. faecium CRL 183 não exibiu redução logarítmica na população de células viáveis (109 UFC/mL) para todas as concentrações de cloreto de sódio e nitrito de sódio avaliadas. Por outro lado, a cepa L. acidophilus CRL 1014 apresentou redução de um ciclo logarítmico em relação ao controle (p<0,05), com população final de células viáveis na ordem de 108 UFC/mL. As bactérias probióticas avaliadas não foram capazes de produzir substâncias antimicrobianas contra as cepas indicadoras utilizadas (Listeria monocytogenes IAL 628, Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar typhimurium IAL 2431, e Escherichia coli IAL 339), uma vez que não houve formação de halos de inibição. Todas as formulações apresentaram características físico-químicas e microbiológicas adequadas aos padrões estabelecidos para embutidos cárneos fermentados. As cepas probióticas mantiveram-se viáveis até o final do período avaliado, exibindo população na ordem de 108UFC/g (final da maturação) e 107UFC/g (120 dias de armazenamento). Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram um comportamento muito semelhante entre as diferentes formulações, indicando que a substituição de culturas iniciadoras tradicionais por outras probióticas, bem como a redução de sais de cura, não influenciou negativamente a qualidade microbiológica dos produtos. A substituição parcial de gordura animal por óleo de oliva resultou em aumento de dureza, fato que não alterou a aceitação hedônica global das amostras. A ADQ não foi capaz de diferenciar as amostras em função da cepa utilizada e da quantidade de sais de cura adicionada. Entre os embutidos com redução de gordura e sais de cura e potencialmente probióticos, o produto fermentado com E. faecium CRL 183 (F5) apresentou, no final do período de armazenamento (T120), algumas características superiores as do produto fermentado com L. acidophilus CRL1014 (F7) – menor população de estafilococos coagulase positiva, menor oxidação lipídica, melhor perfil de textura e de aminas bioativas – sendo por esse motivo selecionado para a segunda etapa do estudo. Os testes utilizando o simulador do ecossistema microbiano humano (SEMH) evidenciaram que o consumo do produto fermentado com E.faecium CRL 183 e com redução de gordura e sais de cura pode resultar em redução de Lactobacillus spp. (cólon ascendente, transverso e descendente), Bacteroides spp. (cólon descendente) e enterobactérias (cólon transverso e descendente) e aumento nos níveis de íons amônio. O mesmo produto probiótico estimulou a produção de ácido butírico e propiônico, reduziu a concentração de ácido acético durante a fase de tratamento e alterou a população de microrganismos intestinais. Os resultados indicam que o salame probiótico (E. faecium CRL 183) com redução de gordura e sais de cura constitui uma alternativa mais saudável de produto cárneo fermentado, pois, além de possuir características nutricionais mais interessantes, apresenta potencial para atuar positivamente no perfil lipídico, através da melhora na produção de AGCC e modulação da microbiota, com aumento da população de E. faecium CRL 183 que é uma cepa comprovadamente hipocolesterolemiante.
Fermented sausages, processed and consumed without heating, are the most promising meat products for the placement of probiotics, however, have as disadvantages the high fat content and the presence of residual nitrite and nitrate and potentially toxic compounds, such as bioactive amines. This work studied the effect of using lactic acid bacteria with lipid lowering property in technological, sensory and safety characteristics of a fermented susage, similar to salami with fat, nitrite and nitrate reduced. The potential beneficial effects of the product were investigated in an in vitro study. Two probiotic strains (Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 1014) were tested separately as starter cultures. The sausages with a low fat content (60% reduction) were processed in six treatments: 2 - traditional cultures with fat reduction and without curing salts reduction (nitrite and nitrate 0.015% 0.005%); 3 - traditional cultures with fat and curing salt reduction (nitrite and nitrate 0.007% 0.003%); 4, 5, 6, 7 - probiotic cultures (E. faecium CRL183 and L. acidophilus CRL1014) with fat reduction, without and with curing salt reduction, respectively. For comparison, a control product (1 - traditional cultures without fat and curing salts reduction) was also produced. Probiotic cultures (E. faecium CRL 183 and L. acidophilus CRL 1014) were submitted to preliminary tests to determine resistance to curing salt concentrations usually employed in fermented meat products and evaluation of antimicrobial substances production capacity by the spot-on-lawn technique. The quality of the sausages was evaluated by physical, chemical and microbiological analyzes at the beginning of processing and during periods of maturation and storage. Acceptance tests were performed every 30 days of storage, and a quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) with sausages ready for consumption (T30). The sausage had the best characteristics of previous tests was subjected to an in vitro test on human microbial ecosystem simulator (SEMH) for evaluation of the gastrointestinal survival of the probiotic microorganism, determining the effect of probiotic meat product in the production of fatty acids short chain and ammonia and modulation of the intestinal microbiota. In the analysis of sensitivity to curing salts, E. faecium CRL 183 showed no log reduction in the population of viable cells (109 CFU/mL) for all concentrations of sodium chloride and sodium nitrite evaluated. On the other hand, L. acidophilus CRL 1014 showed a log cycle reduction compared to control (p <0.05) with final population of viable cells in the order of 108 CFU/mL. The evaluated probiotic bacteria were not able to produce antimicrobial substances against indicator strains (Listeria monocytogenes IAL 628, Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar typhimurium IAL 2431, e Escherichia coli IAL 339), since there was no formation of inhibition zones. The results show that E. faecium CRL 183 and L. acidophilus CRL 1014 can be used as starter cultures in the preparation of meat sausages, they are tolerant to sodium chloride and sodium nitrite concentrations typically used in such products. All treatments showed appropriate physicochemical and microbiological characteristics to the standards established for fermented sausage. The probiotic cultures remained viable by the end of analysis period, showing a population of about 108UFC/g (final ripening) and 107UFC/g (120 days of storage). The results obtained showed a very similar behavior between the different treatments, indicating that replacement of traditional starter cultures by probiotic as well as the curing salts reduction did not influence the microbiological quality of products. The partial replacement of animal fats with olive oil resulted in increased hardness, which did not alter the overall hedonic acceptance of samples. The QDA was not able to differentiate between samples depending on the strain used and the amount of added curing salts. Among treatments with fat and curing salts reduction and potentially probiotics, the fermented product with E. faecium CRL 183 (F5) presented at the end of the storage period, some superior characteristics to the product fermented with L. acidophilus CRL1014 (F7) - smaller population of coagulase positive staphylococci, lower lipid oxidation, better texture profile and better bioactive amines profile - and therefore selected for the second stage of the study. Tests using the SEMH showed that the fermented product consumption with E. faecium CRL 183 with fat and curing salts reduction may result in areducing Lactobacillus spp. (ascending, transverse and descending colon), Bacteroides spp. (descending colon) and Enterobacteriaceae (transverse and descending colon) and increased levels of ammonium ions. The same probiotic product stimulated the production of butyric and propionic acid, reduced the concentration of acetic acid during the treatment phase and altered the population of intestinal microorganisms. The results indicate that the probiotic sausage (E. faecium CRL 183), with fat and curing salts reduction is a healthier alternative of fermented meat product, since, besides having more interesting nutritional characteristics, has the potential to act in lipid profile, by improving the production of SCFA and modulating the microbiota with increased E. faecium CRL 183 population which is a proven cholesterol lowering strain.
Fermented sausages, processed and consumed without heating, are the most promising meat products for the placement of probiotics, however, have as disadvantages the high fat content and the presence of residual nitrite and nitrate and potentially toxic compounds, such as bioactive amines. This work studied the effect of using lactic acid bacteria with lipid lowering property in technological, sensory and safety characteristics of a fermented susage, similar to salami with fat, nitrite and nitrate reduced. The potential beneficial effects of the product were investigated in an in vitro study. Two probiotic strains (Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 1014) were tested separately as starter cultures. The sausages with a low fat content (60% reduction) were processed in six treatments: 2 - traditional cultures with fat reduction and without curing salts reduction (nitrite and nitrate 0.015% 0.005%); 3 - traditional cultures with fat and curing salt reduction (nitrite and nitrate 0.007% 0.003%); 4, 5, 6, 7 - probiotic cultures (E. faecium CRL183 and L. acidophilus CRL1014) with fat reduction, without and with curing salt reduction, respectively. For comparison, a control product (1 - traditional cultures without fat and curing salts reduction) was also produced. Probiotic cultures (E. faecium CRL 183 and L. acidophilus CRL 1014) were submitted to preliminary tests to determine resistance to curing salt concentrations usually employed in fermented meat products and evaluation of antimicrobial substances production capacity by the spot-on-lawn technique. The quality of the sausages was evaluated by physical, chemical and microbiological analyzes at the beginning of processing and during periods of maturation and storage. Acceptance tests were performed every 30 days of storage, and a quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) with sausages ready for consumption (T30). The sausage had the best characteristics of previous tests was subjected to an in vitro test on human microbial ecosystem simulator (SEMH) for evaluation of the gastrointestinal survival of the probiotic microorganism, determining the effect of probiotic meat product in the production of fatty acids short chain and ammonia and modulation of the intestinal microbiota. In the analysis of sensitivity to curing salts, E. faecium CRL 183 showed no log reduction in the population of viable cells (109 CFU/mL) for all concentrations of sodium chloride and sodium nitrite evaluated. On the other hand, L. acidophilus CRL 1014 showed a log cycle reduction compared to control (p <0.05) with final population of viable cells in the order of 108 CFU/mL. The evaluated probiotic bacteria were not able to produce antimicrobial substances against indicator strains (Listeria monocytogenes IAL 628, Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar typhimurium IAL 2431, e Escherichia coli IAL 339), since there was no formation of inhibition zones. The results show that E. faecium CRL 183 and L. acidophilus CRL 1014 can be used as starter cultures in the preparation of meat sausages, they are tolerant to sodium chloride and sodium nitrite concentrations typically used in such products. All treatments showed appropriate physicochemical and microbiological characteristics to the standards established for fermented sausage. The probiotic cultures remained viable by the end of analysis period, showing a population of about 108UFC/g (final ripening) and 107UFC/g (120 days of storage). The results obtained showed a very similar behavior between the different treatments, indicating that replacement of traditional starter cultures by probiotic as well as the curing salts reduction did not influence the microbiological quality of products. The partial replacement of animal fats with olive oil resulted in increased hardness, which did not alter the overall hedonic acceptance of samples. The QDA was not able to differentiate between samples depending on the strain used and the amount of added curing salts. Among treatments with fat and curing salts reduction and potentially probiotics, the fermented product with E. faecium CRL 183 (F5) presented at the end of the storage period, some superior characteristics to the product fermented with L. acidophilus CRL1014 (F7) - smaller population of coagulase positive staphylococci, lower lipid oxidation, better texture profile and better bioactive amines profile - and therefore selected for the second stage of the study. Tests using the SEMH showed that the fermented product consumption with E. faecium CRL 183 with fat and curing salts reduction may result in areducing Lactobacillus spp. (ascending, transverse and descending colon), Bacteroides spp. (descending colon) and Enterobacteriaceae (transverse and descending colon) and increased levels of ammonium ions. The same probiotic product stimulated the production of butyric and propionic acid, reduced the concentration of acetic acid during the treatment phase and altered the population of intestinal microorganisms. The results indicate that the probiotic sausage (E. faecium CRL 183), with fat and curing salts reduction is a healthier alternative of fermented meat product, since, besides having more interesting nutritional characteristics, has the potential to act in lipid profile, by improving the production of SCFA and modulating the microbiota with increased E. faecium CRL 183 population which is a proven cholesterol lowering strain.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Probióticos, Fermentação, Conservação, Embutido cárneo, Nitrito, Probiotics, Fermentation, Conservation, Sausage, Nitrite