Análise do rastreamento visual de alunos com paralisia cerebral na tela do computador
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Data
2016-11-18
Autores
Audi, Mauro [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Alunos com paralisia cerebral inseridos no ensino regular têm experimentado com maior frequência o uso do computador como meio para auxiliar nas atividades de acadêmicos, tanto em sala de aula como em casa, para interação social e diversão. Diversos recursos de tecnologia assistiva, como programas e adaptações, têm contribuído para o acesso desses alunos ao computador. Em virtude da alteração motora que esses alunos apresentam, pode ser que o layout e a disposição das informações na tela do computador interfiram no desempenho durante a execução de atividades. Diante disso, surge a lacuna para saber como se comporta o rastreamento visual destes alunos em relação as imagens expostas na tela do computador. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar e mensurar a intensidade e o direcionamento visual de alunos com paralisia cerebral expostos a imagens dispostas na tela do computador em locais e com tamanhos diferentes. O desenho da pesquisa foi quase experimental, devido à heterogeneidade e não randimização da amostra. Sobre as considerações éticas, o trabalho foi submetido e aprovado pelo comitê de ética da Universidade Estadual Paulista, campus de Marília. Participaram 17 alunos de ambos os gêneros, com idade entre 6 e 12 anos, cujos responsáveis assinaram um termo de consentimento e, dos que tinham acima de 9 anos, o termo de assentimento. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no laboratório de análise de desempenho motor da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências da UNESP. O equipamento utilizado foi o Tobbi Studio, que realizou a captura do rastreamento visual e sua análise descritiva. Foi criado um aplicativo chamado Dr. Fruta composto por imagens em dois tamanhos diferentes que aleatoriamente eram expostas em todas as partes da tela do computador, dividida, imaginariamente, em quadrantes. Foram realizados dois estudos pilotos para ajustes do tempo de exposição das imagens e da disposição do jogo. Como procedimento inicial, cada participante foi orientado sobre a tarefa, e, após posicionado sentado em postura ergonômica, foi realizada a calibração do sistema, que garantiu o olhar para todos as partes da tela. O procedimento de análise estatística foi elaborado a partir da geração de dados do programa Tobii Studio Statistics que forneceu uma tabulação descritiva de médias de tempo e pontuação alcançadas em cada área de interesse, foram selecionados os dados referentes as médias de tempo da primeira fixação, de antes da fixação, de duração total da fixação, de contagem de fixação, e, por fim, de tempo de duração de visita que foram exportados para o software GraphPad V4. Quanto à análise estatística das medidas comparativas entre as medianas dos quadrantes dispostos nas colunas, após o teste de normalidade foi indicado o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de comparação múltipla de Dunn e o teste não paramétrico de Fisher para evidenciar as diferenças das medianas das colunas. Para todos os testes foi fixado o nível de significância de 5% ou utilizado o p-valor correspondente. O resultado foi significante quando comparado a visualização dos quadrantes superiores e inferiores em relação aos medianos e centro inferiores da tela; não foi encontrada significância para os resultados da comparação entre os quadrantes superiores e inferiores, dos lados direito e esquerdo, do tamanho das imagens expostas e do grau de comprometimento motor. Conclui-se que todos participantes tiveram melhor desempenho no foco viso ocular ao fixarem o olhar nas imagens expostas nos quadrantes laterais superiores e inferiores da tela, e um pior desempenho ao fixarem o olhar nas imagens expostas nos quadrantes dispostos no centro da tela, principalmente no centro inferior. Não houve diferença significativa em relação ao comprometimento motor comparados a GMFCS e MACS com os quadrantes visualizados, nem para os tamanhos das imagens.
Students with cerebral palsy enrolled in the regular school have experienced more often the utilization of computers as a support tool for learning-teaching activities at the classroom as well as at home for entertainment and social interaction. Several assistive technology devices such as adapted software and applications have contributed for the students’ access to computers. Due to a motor deviation in cerebral palsy students, they might have difficulties to see some parts of a computer screen. Then, there is an issue about how the visual scanning of these students works. This study aimed to analyze and measure visual direction of students with cerebral palsy exposed to images arranged in a computer screen with different size and positions. The study design was quasi-experimental due to the sample heterogeneity. Regarding considerations on ethics, this study was submitted and approved by São Paulo State University (UNESP) Ethics Committee. A total of 17 male and female students with age between 6 and 12 years took part in the study. Their parents or guardians signed an informed consent form which contained the required criteria for enrollment. The investigation site was the motor development laboratory, at UNESP. The Tobbi Studio device was utilized for capture and descriptive analysis of eye tracking. An application named Dr. Fruta was created. It was composed of images in two different sizes which was exposed in several parts of the computer screen randomly, and the screen was imaginarily divided in quadrants. Two pilot studies were performed for adjustments on image exhibition time and game arrangement. As a standard procedure, each participant was informed about his/her task and, after taking an ergonomic sitting position, the system calibration was performed, what assured a correct sight to every part of the screen. The analytical procedure was the. The statistical analysis was elaborated from Tobii Studio Statistics software data, which provided descriptive table of time means and score recorded in each area of interest, at mean time in the first fixation, mean before fixation, total mean time of the fixation, fixation counting mean, and visit time mean, was performed by GraphPad V4 software. For comparative measures among the quadrant medians exhibited in columns. It was decided to apply Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test, followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test and a nonparametric Fisher test to highlight the differences of medians in the columns. Normal distribution, and a significance level of 5% was fixed or a corresponding p value was utilized for all tests. Results were significant when comparing the visualization of lower and upper quadrants in relation with middle and lower middle quadrants of the screen. No significance was found for results of the comparison between lower and upper quadrants, left and right size, size of exposed images or level of motor impairment. As a conclusion, all participants had higher performance on visual ocular focus when fixing the sight on the images exposed in the lower and upper quadrants on the screen, and lower performance when fixing the sight on the images exposed in the middle quadrants on the screen, especially in the middle lower quadrant.
Students with cerebral palsy enrolled in the regular school have experienced more often the utilization of computers as a support tool for learning-teaching activities at the classroom as well as at home for entertainment and social interaction. Several assistive technology devices such as adapted software and applications have contributed for the students’ access to computers. Due to a motor deviation in cerebral palsy students, they might have difficulties to see some parts of a computer screen. Then, there is an issue about how the visual scanning of these students works. This study aimed to analyze and measure visual direction of students with cerebral palsy exposed to images arranged in a computer screen with different size and positions. The study design was quasi-experimental due to the sample heterogeneity. Regarding considerations on ethics, this study was submitted and approved by São Paulo State University (UNESP) Ethics Committee. A total of 17 male and female students with age between 6 and 12 years took part in the study. Their parents or guardians signed an informed consent form which contained the required criteria for enrollment. The investigation site was the motor development laboratory, at UNESP. The Tobbi Studio device was utilized for capture and descriptive analysis of eye tracking. An application named Dr. Fruta was created. It was composed of images in two different sizes which was exposed in several parts of the computer screen randomly, and the screen was imaginarily divided in quadrants. Two pilot studies were performed for adjustments on image exhibition time and game arrangement. As a standard procedure, each participant was informed about his/her task and, after taking an ergonomic sitting position, the system calibration was performed, what assured a correct sight to every part of the screen. The analytical procedure was the. The statistical analysis was elaborated from Tobii Studio Statistics software data, which provided descriptive table of time means and score recorded in each area of interest, at mean time in the first fixation, mean before fixation, total mean time of the fixation, fixation counting mean, and visit time mean, was performed by GraphPad V4 software. For comparative measures among the quadrant medians exhibited in columns. It was decided to apply Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test, followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test and a nonparametric Fisher test to highlight the differences of medians in the columns. Normal distribution, and a significance level of 5% was fixed or a corresponding p value was utilized for all tests. Results were significant when comparing the visualization of lower and upper quadrants in relation with middle and lower middle quadrants of the screen. No significance was found for results of the comparison between lower and upper quadrants, left and right size, size of exposed images or level of motor impairment. As a conclusion, all participants had higher performance on visual ocular focus when fixing the sight on the images exposed in the lower and upper quadrants on the screen, and lower performance when fixing the sight on the images exposed in the middle quadrants on the screen, especially in the middle lower quadrant.
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Palavras-chave
Educação especial, Paralisia cerebral, Equipamentos de autoajuda para deficientes, Ensino auxiliado por computador, Special education, Cerebral palsy, Self-help equipment for the disabled, Computer aided teaching