Deficiência de micronutrientes e efeito do niquel no estado nutricional do maracujazeiro amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims)
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Data
2017-03-08
Autores
Lizcano Toledo, Rodolfo [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na FCAV/UNESP. Objetivou-se avaliar a caracterização os sintomas visuais de deficiência de micronutrientes em folhas; e avaliar os efeitos desses micronutrientes no estado nutricional do maracujazeiro amarelo. No experimento foi utilizado solução nutritiva, como substrato vermiculita em extrato úmido. Foram utilizadas mudas de maracujá (Passiflora edulis Sims.) do híbrido comercial BRS Gigante Amarelo do Cerrado. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado; com oito tratamentos (solução completa (Controle), omissão de B, omissão de Cu, omissão de Fe, omissão de Mn, omissão de Mo, omissão de Zn, solução completa + Ni); e 5 repetições. Utilizou-se como unidade experimental; vasos com 8 dm-3 de substrato com 1 planta/vaso e 2 vasos por unidade experimental. Após 60 dias do plantio, foi avaliada a matéria seca de cada tratamento, foi feito diagnóstico visual das deficiências nutricionais em folhas. Semanalmente foi avaliado o teor de clorofila para estabelecer regressão linear ou quadrática, entre os teores de clorofila e as deficiências nutricionais de cada tratamento; uma avaliação de variáveis fisiológicas como a transpiração, fotossíntese, condutância estomática e concentração interna e externa de CO2. Avaliaram-se características morfológicas como desenvolvimentos de pêlos radiculares e alterações no mesofilo foliar. A ordem de manifestação das deficiências no experimento foram as seguintes: Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>Mo>B; a toxicidade de Níquel apareceu aos 40 dias após ao transplante, com sintomas de clorose nas folhas novas, logo um amarelecimento geral e algumas partes brancas. A omissão de B resultou em deformações no limbo foliar e perda da dominância apical, mostrando deformação dos pontos de crescimento; a omissão de Mn ocasionou redução do crescimento e clorose generalizada das folhas jovens com reticulo grosso, a omissão de Fe resultou em uma clorose internerval, com aparência de reticulado fino, sendo Fe e Mn os primeiros nutrientes cuja omissão resulta em sintomas de deficiência nas plantas de maracujá, seguidos pelo zinco e cobre, e por último o boro. O zinco e cobre apresentaram deformação e alongamento das folhas reduzindo consideradamente a altura e desenvolvimento radicular, o molibdênio apresentou uma clorose nas folhas velhas que posteriormente se espalho de forma geral. Os teores dos micros na parte aérea e raiz variaram de acordo ao tratamento, refletindo em problemas morfológicos e a nível ultra-estrutural na célula e fisiológicos, alterando variáveis como a transpiração, fotossíntese, condutância estomática e a relação entre a concentração de CO2 nos espaços intercelulares e a concentração de CO2 no ambiente. A omissão de ferro foi o elemento que mais refletiu problemas pela formação de pêlos radicais, observando-se maior formação destes em condições de deficiência do elemento possivelmente por sua relação com os hormônios etileno e auxinas. Todos os tratamentos apresentaram um desarranjo e desorganização a nível ultra-estrutural, nas organelas como os cloroplastos, parede celular, grânulos de amidos, grânulos de lipídeos, núcleo, afetando o funcionamento da célula e causando problemas fisiológicos que refletem em sintomas visuais e no desenvolvimento do maracujazeiro.
The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at FCAV / UNESP. The objective was to evaluate the characterization of the visual symptoms of micronutrient deficiency in leaves; And to evaluate the effects of these micronutrients on the nutritional status of yellow passion fruit. In the experiment, a nutrient solution was used, with vermiculite as a substrate in a humid extract. Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) Seedlings of commercial hybrid BRS Gigante Amarelo do Cerrado were used. The experimental design was completely randomized; With eight treatments (complete solution (Witness), omission of B, omission of Cu, omission of Fe, omission of Mn, omission of Mo, omission of Zn, complete solution + Ni); And 5 replicates. It was used as experimental unit; Vessels with 8 dm-3 of substrate with 1 plant / pot and 2 pots per experimental unit. After 60 days of planting, the dry matter of each treatment was evaluated, and the nutritional deficiencies were evaluated in leaves. The chlorophyll content was evaluated weekly to establish linear or quadratic regression between chlorophyll levels and nutritional deficiencies of each treatment; besides an evaluation of physiological variables such as transpiration, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and internal and external CO2 concentration. Morphological characteristics were evaluated by means of optical microscope as were the development of root hair and by means of transmission electron microscopy, changes in leaf mesophyll. The order of manifestation of the deficiencies in the experiment were as follows: Fe> Mn> Zn> Cu> Mo> B; The toxicity of Nickel appeared at 40 days after the experiment was carried out in the vessels with symptoms of chlorosis in the new leaves, thus a general yellowing and some white parts. The omission of B resulted in deformations in the leaf limb and loss of apical dominance, showing deformation of the growth points; The omission of Mn caused reduction of growth and generalized chlorosis of the young leaves with thick reticulum, the omission of Fe resulted in an internerval chlorosis, with the appearance of fine crosslinking, with Fe and Mn being the first nutrients whose omission results in symptoms of plant deficiency Of passion fruit, followed by zinc and copper, and finally boron. The zinc and copper presented deformation and elongation of the leaves, reducing considerably the height and root development, the molybdenum presented a chlorosis in the old leaves that later spread in general form. The contents of the microspheres in the shoot and root varied according to the treatment, reflecting in morphological and ultrastructural problems in the cell and physiological, changing variables such as transpiration, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and the relation between the concentration of CO2 in the spaces And the concentration of CO2 in the environment. The iron omission was the element that most reflected problems due to the formation of radical hair, being observed a greater formation of iron under conditions of deficiency of the element possibly due to its relation with the hormones ethylene and auxins. The observations in the transmission electron microscope showed in all the treatments a derangement and disorganization at the ultrastructural level, in the organelles as the chloroplasts, cell wall, starch granules, lipid granules, nucleus, affecting the functioning of the cell and causing physiological problems Which reflect on visual symptoms and the development of passion fruit.
The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at FCAV / UNESP. The objective was to evaluate the characterization of the visual symptoms of micronutrient deficiency in leaves; And to evaluate the effects of these micronutrients on the nutritional status of yellow passion fruit. In the experiment, a nutrient solution was used, with vermiculite as a substrate in a humid extract. Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) Seedlings of commercial hybrid BRS Gigante Amarelo do Cerrado were used. The experimental design was completely randomized; With eight treatments (complete solution (Witness), omission of B, omission of Cu, omission of Fe, omission of Mn, omission of Mo, omission of Zn, complete solution + Ni); And 5 replicates. It was used as experimental unit; Vessels with 8 dm-3 of substrate with 1 plant / pot and 2 pots per experimental unit. After 60 days of planting, the dry matter of each treatment was evaluated, and the nutritional deficiencies were evaluated in leaves. The chlorophyll content was evaluated weekly to establish linear or quadratic regression between chlorophyll levels and nutritional deficiencies of each treatment; besides an evaluation of physiological variables such as transpiration, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and internal and external CO2 concentration. Morphological characteristics were evaluated by means of optical microscope as were the development of root hair and by means of transmission electron microscopy, changes in leaf mesophyll. The order of manifestation of the deficiencies in the experiment were as follows: Fe> Mn> Zn> Cu> Mo> B; The toxicity of Nickel appeared at 40 days after the experiment was carried out in the vessels with symptoms of chlorosis in the new leaves, thus a general yellowing and some white parts. The omission of B resulted in deformations in the leaf limb and loss of apical dominance, showing deformation of the growth points; The omission of Mn caused reduction of growth and generalized chlorosis of the young leaves with thick reticulum, the omission of Fe resulted in an internerval chlorosis, with the appearance of fine crosslinking, with Fe and Mn being the first nutrients whose omission results in symptoms of plant deficiency Of passion fruit, followed by zinc and copper, and finally boron. The zinc and copper presented deformation and elongation of the leaves, reducing considerably the height and root development, the molybdenum presented a chlorosis in the old leaves that later spread in general form. The contents of the microspheres in the shoot and root varied according to the treatment, reflecting in morphological and ultrastructural problems in the cell and physiological, changing variables such as transpiration, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and the relation between the concentration of CO2 in the spaces And the concentration of CO2 in the environment. The iron omission was the element that most reflected problems due to the formation of radical hair, being observed a greater formation of iron under conditions of deficiency of the element possibly due to its relation with the hormones ethylene and auxins. The observations in the transmission electron microscope showed in all the treatments a derangement and disorganization at the ultrastructural level, in the organelles as the chloroplasts, cell wall, starch granules, lipid granules, nucleus, affecting the functioning of the cell and causing physiological problems Which reflect on visual symptoms and the development of passion fruit.
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Palavras-chave
Pêlos radiculares, Solução nutritiva, Cloroplastos, Deficiência, Microscopia, Root hair, Nutritive solution, Chloroplasts, Deficiency, Microscopy