Mercados institucionais para a agricultura familiar e desenvolvimento territorial: o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar no contexto geográfico do Estado de São Paulo
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Data
2018-10-02
Autores
Gonçalves, Deywison Tadeu Resende [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As mudanças institucionais no Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) atenderam aos princípios da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) além de instituir mercados à agricultura familiar. O Artigo 14 da Lei Federal n. 11.947 de 2009 reserva à aquisição de produtos da agricultura familiar 30% do total dos recursos repassado pelo Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação (FDNE) às Entidades Executoras (EExs), escolas e secretarias de educação estaduais e municipais. Com o Programa Territórios da Cidadania buscou-se gerar ocupação e renda, além de articular as políticas públicas nos territórios economicamente deprimidos. No Estado de São Paulo, o Território Vale do Ribeira e o Pontal do Paranapanema possuem baixa densidade demográfica em relação ao restante do Estado, consequentemente possuem menor população escolar e menores recursos repassados pelo FNDE. O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender o comportamento das compras públicas do PNAE no contexto geográfico do Estado de São Paulo, entendendo o consumo territorial e a demanda externa como fatores pilares a serem considerados. Este intuito se justifica pela premissa de que o baixo repasse de recursos aos territórios leva os fornecedores a buscarem mercados externos, sobretudo nos municípios populosos. Através das prestações de contas disponibilizadas pelo FNDE, foi necessário verificar os produtos territoriais demandados por municípios do Estado, externos aos territórios, tendo como base o ano de 2014 e considerando o valor pago, tipo de produto e perfil dos fornecedores. Posteriormente, entre os dois conjuntos foi possível comparar a localidade e os seus respectivos perfis populacionais, como potencial mercado consumidor. Em âmbito territorial foi considerado o período 2013-2015 para identificar o consumo dos alimentos locais, territoriais e externos pelas compras públicas, também considerando tipo de produto, valor e perfil do fornecedor. Por meio da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas no Vale do Ribeira, foi possível identificar as relações decorrentes do mercado institucional na questão do envolvimento de indivíduos e instituições como agentes territoriais e da articulação dos agricultores em organizações. Todo esse processo permitiu verificar a contribuição da participação no programa à renda dos agricultores. Foi possível constatar que a alocação interna dos recursos é superior aos que se deslocam para fora dos territórios, mas ainda é significativo o valor deste segundo montante e majoritária a participação de demais fornecedores. Quanto ao tipo de produto, pela agricultura familiar as prefeituras puderam contar com alimentos in natura e minimamente processados, já os demais fornecedores participaram com maior intensidade com produtos de origem animal, carnes e derivados de leite. A experiência dos mercados institucionais no Vale do Ribeira aponta a trajetória das organizações da agricultura familiar como principal estratégia para busca de recursos externos via PNAE. Já em âmbito local o principal entrave é o predomínio da bananicultura e os conflitos entre agricultura e meio ambiente, tendo como potenciais estratégias para a solução destes impasses a diversificação produtiva, a conquista de novos mercados e a transição para o cultivo orgânico.
Institutional changes in the Nation al School Feeding Program attended the principles of Food and Nutrition Security and instituded markets for family agriculture. Article 14 of Federal Law n. 11,947 of 2009 reserves for family agriculture 30% of the total resources passed on by the National Education Development Fund to the Executing Entities (state and municipal schools and education departments) for the acquisition of their products. With the Citizenship Territories Program was seek to generate employment and income, and to articulate public policies in economically depressed territories. In the São Paulo State, the Vale do Ribeira and Pontal do Paranapanema Territories have low demographic density in comparation to the rest of the State, consequently they have lower school population and lower resources passed through the National Education Development Fund. This work aims to understand the course of School Feeding Program’s public purchases in the geographic context of the São Paulo State , understanding territorial consumption and external demand as pillar factors to be considered. This intention is justified by the premise that the low transfer of resources to the territories leads the family farmers to seek external markets, especially in the populous cities. Through the institutional accountability, it was possible to verify the territorial products demanded by cities of the State, external to the territories, based on the year 2014 and considering the amount paid, type of products and suppliers’ profile. Subsequently, between the two groups it was possible to compare the locality and their respective population profiles, as a potential consumer market. In the territorial area, it was considered the period 2013 - 2015 to identify the consumption of local, territorial and external food by public purchases, also considering the type of product, value and supplier’ profile. Using semi - structured interviews, in the Vale do Ribeira it was possible to identify the relationships arising from the institutional market in the issue of the involvement of individuals and institutions as territorial agents and the articulation of farmers in organizations. All this process allowed to verify the contribution of participation in the program to farmers' income. It was possible to verify that the internal allocation of resources is superior to those that move out of the territories, but the value of this second amount is still significant and that the other suppliers are majority . About the type of products , by the family agriculture the municipalities could rely with on natural foods and minimally processed foods, already the other suppliers participated with animal origin foods , like meat and milk derivatives. The experience of institutional markets in the Vale do Ribeira points to the trajectory of family farming organizations as the main strategy for seeking external resources School Feeding’s market. At the local level, the main obstacle is the predominance of banana farming and the conflicts between agriculture and the environment. Potential strategies for solving these impasses are the diversification of production, the conquest of new markets and the transition to organic farming.
Institutional changes in the Nation al School Feeding Program attended the principles of Food and Nutrition Security and instituded markets for family agriculture. Article 14 of Federal Law n. 11,947 of 2009 reserves for family agriculture 30% of the total resources passed on by the National Education Development Fund to the Executing Entities (state and municipal schools and education departments) for the acquisition of their products. With the Citizenship Territories Program was seek to generate employment and income, and to articulate public policies in economically depressed territories. In the São Paulo State, the Vale do Ribeira and Pontal do Paranapanema Territories have low demographic density in comparation to the rest of the State, consequently they have lower school population and lower resources passed through the National Education Development Fund. This work aims to understand the course of School Feeding Program’s public purchases in the geographic context of the São Paulo State , understanding territorial consumption and external demand as pillar factors to be considered. This intention is justified by the premise that the low transfer of resources to the territories leads the family farmers to seek external markets, especially in the populous cities. Through the institutional accountability, it was possible to verify the territorial products demanded by cities of the State, external to the territories, based on the year 2014 and considering the amount paid, type of products and suppliers’ profile. Subsequently, between the two groups it was possible to compare the locality and their respective population profiles, as a potential consumer market. In the territorial area, it was considered the period 2013 - 2015 to identify the consumption of local, territorial and external food by public purchases, also considering the type of product, value and supplier’ profile. Using semi - structured interviews, in the Vale do Ribeira it was possible to identify the relationships arising from the institutional market in the issue of the involvement of individuals and institutions as territorial agents and the articulation of farmers in organizations. All this process allowed to verify the contribution of participation in the program to farmers' income. It was possible to verify that the internal allocation of resources is superior to those that move out of the territories, but the value of this second amount is still significant and that the other suppliers are majority . About the type of products , by the family agriculture the municipalities could rely with on natural foods and minimally processed foods, already the other suppliers participated with animal origin foods , like meat and milk derivatives. The experience of institutional markets in the Vale do Ribeira points to the trajectory of family farming organizations as the main strategy for seeking external resources School Feeding’s market. At the local level, the main obstacle is the predominance of banana farming and the conflicts between agriculture and the environment. Potential strategies for solving these impasses are the diversification of production, the conquest of new markets and the transition to organic farming.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Políticas públicas, Agricultura familiar, Territórios deprimidos, Alimentação escolar, Segurança alimentar e nutricional, Public policies, Family farming, Depressed territories, School feeding, Food and nutrition security