O clima urbano das cidades de pequeno porte do oeste paulista: análise do perfil térmico de Presidente Venceslau, Santo Anastácio e Álvares Machado, Brasil
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Data
2019-10-03
Autores
Teixeira, Danielle Cardozo Frasca [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A investigação da interferência da cidade na composição da atmosfera próxima à superfície remonta ao século XIX. Os estudos pioneiros do clima urbano apresentaram considerações sobre as alterações da cidade e da agricultura nos climas dos lugares. Esse quadro de interferências gerou grande comprometimento da qualidade do ambiente, refletindo nas condições de vida das populações, pois as alterações climáticas influenciam no conforto térmico, na saúde e no desempenho humano. Especialmente no ambiente tropical, o desconforto térmico demanda adaptação via climatização dos ambientes internos, influenciando no maior aporte energético, além de não ser acessível por parte da população. Em contrapartida, os espaços externos estão sujeitos aos efeitos das ilhas de calor, derivadas das condições meteorológicas e das características urbanas (OKE, 1987). O clima urbano é entendido como o clima de um determinado espaço e sua urbanização (MONTEIRO, 1976), não existindo uma escala rígida para o diagnóstico deste fenômeno. Nesse sentido, as cidades médias e pequenas também mostram importantes alterações das suas condições pretéritas à urbanização e exibem relativas facilidades para uma investigação climática qualitativa, pois seus espaços reduzidos permitem a melhor diferenciação dos seus ambientes intraurbanos e existem possibilidades de intervenção e planejamento urbano nos novos espaços em expansão. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar o clima urbano de cidades do ambiente tropical localizadas no Oeste paulista (Presidente Venceslau, Santo Anastácio e Álvares Machado), com ênfase no campo térmico. Parte-se da hipótese de que apesar da proximidade entre as cidades e, considerando-se a circulação regional da atmosfera, elas respondem à atuação dos sistemas atmosféricos de maneira diferenciada, em virtude das peculiaridades climáticas que dependem dos seus atributos geoambientais (relevo, orientação do relevo, cobertura vegetal) e urbanos (uso e ocupação da terra, estrutura, formas e as dinâmicas urbanas). O embasamento teórico-metodológico desta pesquisa é a proposta Sistema Clima Urbano (MONTEIRO, 1976), com destaque para o subsistema termodinâmico que é percebido pelo homem através do conforto térmico. A caracterização geoambiental e urbana das cidades possibilitou a diferenciação dos ambientes intraurbanos previamente à aquisição dos dados primários por estações fixas e transecto móvel, que foram representados através das tabelas dinâmicas, isotermas e modelagem espacial. Os dados secundários, na forma das termografias de superfície e do índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI), foram relacionados com a disponibilidade hídrica. Os resultados permitiram o diagnóstico de anomalias térmicas nas áreas intraurbanas tomando como referência os ambientes rurais próximos às áreas urbanas. A pesquisa diagnosticou o clima urbano específico das cidades, expresso pelas ilhas de calor de forte e muito forte magnitude confirmando a hipótese de concepção da tese.
The investigation of cities’ interference in the composition of the near-surface atmosphere dates back to the nineteenth century. Pioneering studies on the urban climate presented considerations regarding changes in cities and agriculture in the climates of the places. This situation of interference compromised to a large degree the quality of the environment, reflecting on the living conditions of the populations, as climate change has an impact on human thermal comfort, health, and performance. Particularly in the tropical environment, thermal discomfort demands adaptation via climate control of indoor environments, influencing the greater energy supply, besides not being accessible by the population. In contrast, outdoor spaces are subject to the effects of heat islands, derived from weather conditions and urban characteristics (OKE, 1987). The urban climate is understood as the climate of a given space and its urbanization (MONTEIRO, 1976), and there is no rigid scale for the diagnosis of this phenomenon. In this sense, small and medium-sized cities also show important changes in their conditions prior to urbanization and present relative ease for a qualitative climate investigation, as their small spaces allow a better differentiation of their intraurban environments, and there are possibilities of intervention and urban planning in the new expanding spaces. This research aimed to investigate the urban climate of cities in the tropical environment located in the western region of the state of São Paulo (Presidente Venceslau, Santo Anastácio, and Álvares Machado), with an emphasis on the thermal field. It is hypothesized that despite the proximity between the cities and, considering the regional circulation of the atmosphere, they respond to the action of the atmospheric systems in a different way, due to the climatic peculiarities that depend on their geoenvironmental (relief, relief orientation, vegetation cover) and urban attributes (land use and occupation, structure, urban forms and dynamics). The theoretical-methodological basis of this research is the proposed Urban Climate System (MONTEIRO, 1976), in particular the thermodynamic subsystem, which is perceived by humans through thermal comfort. The geoenvironmental and urban characterization of the cities made it possible to differentiate intraurban environments prior to the acquisition of primary data by fixed stations and by the mobile transect, which were represented through pivot tables, isotherms, and spatial modeling. Secondary data, in the form of surface thermographies and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), were related to water availability. The results allowed the diagnosis of thermal anomalies in the intraurban areas, employing the rural environments near the urban areas as a reference. The research diagnosed the specific urban climate of cities, expressed by the heat islands of strong and very strong magnitude, confirming the conception hypothesis of the thesis.
The investigation of cities’ interference in the composition of the near-surface atmosphere dates back to the nineteenth century. Pioneering studies on the urban climate presented considerations regarding changes in cities and agriculture in the climates of the places. This situation of interference compromised to a large degree the quality of the environment, reflecting on the living conditions of the populations, as climate change has an impact on human thermal comfort, health, and performance. Particularly in the tropical environment, thermal discomfort demands adaptation via climate control of indoor environments, influencing the greater energy supply, besides not being accessible by the population. In contrast, outdoor spaces are subject to the effects of heat islands, derived from weather conditions and urban characteristics (OKE, 1987). The urban climate is understood as the climate of a given space and its urbanization (MONTEIRO, 1976), and there is no rigid scale for the diagnosis of this phenomenon. In this sense, small and medium-sized cities also show important changes in their conditions prior to urbanization and present relative ease for a qualitative climate investigation, as their small spaces allow a better differentiation of their intraurban environments, and there are possibilities of intervention and urban planning in the new expanding spaces. This research aimed to investigate the urban climate of cities in the tropical environment located in the western region of the state of São Paulo (Presidente Venceslau, Santo Anastácio, and Álvares Machado), with an emphasis on the thermal field. It is hypothesized that despite the proximity between the cities and, considering the regional circulation of the atmosphere, they respond to the action of the atmospheric systems in a different way, due to the climatic peculiarities that depend on their geoenvironmental (relief, relief orientation, vegetation cover) and urban attributes (land use and occupation, structure, urban forms and dynamics). The theoretical-methodological basis of this research is the proposed Urban Climate System (MONTEIRO, 1976), in particular the thermodynamic subsystem, which is perceived by humans through thermal comfort. The geoenvironmental and urban characterization of the cities made it possible to differentiate intraurban environments prior to the acquisition of primary data by fixed stations and by the mobile transect, which were represented through pivot tables, isotherms, and spatial modeling. Secondary data, in the form of surface thermographies and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), were related to water availability. The results allowed the diagnosis of thermal anomalies in the intraurban areas, employing the rural environments near the urban areas as a reference. The research diagnosed the specific urban climate of cities, expressed by the heat islands of strong and very strong magnitude, confirming the conception hypothesis of the thesis.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Cidades pequenas, Clima urbano, Ilhas de calor, Perfil térmico, Small cities, Urban climate, Heat islands, Thermal profile