Processos de downstream aplicados na conversão de materiais lignocelulósicos
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2021-08-13
Autores
Cruz, Alex Virginio Alves da
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A instabilidade econômica e ambiental reflete em um interesse crescente por uma mudança de matéria-prima base nos processos industriais. A matéria-prima renovável (biomassa) é considerada a única fonte confiável da indústria química no longo prazo. Os compostos lignocelulósicos correspondem a cerca de 50% da biomassa vegetal. A transformação da biomassa lignocelulósica em bioproduto é chamada de bioprocesso. Os bioprocessos envolvem o uso de agentes biológicos e podem ser divididos em três etapas principais: tratamentos iniciais (upstream process), fermentação e tratamentos finais (downstream process). Cada bioprocesso possui etapas downstream específicas. A etapa downstream (purificação) confere uma maior pureza ao produto final. O processo geral de purificação é dividido em quatro etapas: clarificação, purificação de baixa resolução, purificação de alta resolução e tratamentos finais. Se o bioproduto for produzido de modo intracelular, o rompimento celular é necessário após a clarificação. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar diferentes tipos de purificação existentes na literatura, bem como diferentes aplicações de etapas downstream utilizadas no aproveitamento de biomassas lignocelulósicas. Cada bioproduto pode possuir diversos processos de purificação, o responsável deve avaliar e adequar os processos para que o projeto seja economicamente viável e se obtenha um rendimento satisfatório. A escolha de processos downstream é extremamente importante, pois as operações de purificação podem chegar a 80% do custo total do processo. A redução desse custo será possível com o investimento em novas pesquisas por parte do governo e empresas privadas.
The economic and environmental instability reflects in a growing concern in a change of raw material base in industrial processes. Renewable raw material (biomass) is considered the only reliable source for the chemical industry in the long term. Lignocellulosic compounds accounts for about 50% of plant biomass. The transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into a bioproduct is called a bioprocess. Bioprocesses requires the use of biological agents and can be divided into three main stages: initial treatments (upstream process), fermentation and final treatments (downstream process). Each bioprocess has specifics downstream steps. The downstream step (purification) gives greater purity to the final product. The general purification process is divided into four steps: clarification, low resolution purification, high resolution purification and final treatments. If the bioproduct is produced intracellularly, cell disruption is required after clarification. The objective of this work is to present different types of purification existing in the literature, as well as different applications of downstream steps used in the use of lignocellulosic biomass. Each bioproduct can have several purification processes, the person in charge must evaluate and adapt the processes so that the project is economically viable and a satisfactory yield. The choice of downstream processes is extremely important as purification operations can reach 80% of the total cost of the process. The reduction of this cost will be possible with the investment in new researches by the government and private companies.
The economic and environmental instability reflects in a growing concern in a change of raw material base in industrial processes. Renewable raw material (biomass) is considered the only reliable source for the chemical industry in the long term. Lignocellulosic compounds accounts for about 50% of plant biomass. The transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into a bioproduct is called a bioprocess. Bioprocesses requires the use of biological agents and can be divided into three main stages: initial treatments (upstream process), fermentation and final treatments (downstream process). Each bioprocess has specifics downstream steps. The downstream step (purification) gives greater purity to the final product. The general purification process is divided into four steps: clarification, low resolution purification, high resolution purification and final treatments. If the bioproduct is produced intracellularly, cell disruption is required after clarification. The objective of this work is to present different types of purification existing in the literature, as well as different applications of downstream steps used in the use of lignocellulosic biomass. Each bioproduct can have several purification processes, the person in charge must evaluate and adapt the processes so that the project is economically viable and a satisfactory yield. The choice of downstream processes is extremely important as purification operations can reach 80% of the total cost of the process. The reduction of this cost will be possible with the investment in new researches by the government and private companies.
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Palavras-chave
Biomassa, Compostos lignocelulósicos, Bioprocessos, Downstream