Habilidades receptiva e expressiva da linguagem em pré- escolares com diagnóstico de transtorno do espectro autista
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2021-02-26
Autores
Costa, Janaína Maria Alves da
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) é um dos transtornos do neurodesenvolvimento mais encontrados na infância. Estão entre os principais sintomas: alterações sensoriais, prejuízo de interação social e comportamentos repetitivos. O diagnóstico precoce favorece uma intervenção mais eficaz devido à neuroplasticidade que é maior durante a infância. Desse modo, são importantes a identificação e o entendimento dos sinais e sintomas que sugerem esta condição para auxiliar, assim, no diagnóstico precoce, bem como na avaliação fonoaudiológica e orientação aos pais e professores. O Preschool Language Assessment Instrument - Second Edition (PLAI-2) propõe investigar e caracterizar as habilidades comunicativas (receptivas e expressivas) de crianças entre três anos e cinco anos e 11 meses de idade. É constituído por 70 estímulos, subdivididos e distribuídos de forma equivalente em dois níveis de resposta: (1) receptivo: refere-se à capacidade do sujeito em responder de forma não verbal à tarefas e (2) expressivo: refere-se à capacidade do sujeito em responder de forma verbal às tarefas, em cada um dos quatro itens de habilidade comunicativa, sendo elas: escolha, análise seletiva, análise perceptual e raciocínio. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi investigar o desempenho da linguagem e dos aspectos comportamentais de crianças pré-escolares com diagnóstico de TEA e comparar com crianças com desenvolvimento típico de linguagem. Foram selecionadas 15 crianças, de ambos os sexos, diagnosticados com TEA – nível 1. O Grupo Amostral foi subdividido em três grupos a partir da faixa contemplada pelo PLAI-2: Grupo Amostral I (GAI): 5 crianças com idade cronológica de três anos a três anos e 11 meses; Grupo Amostral lI (GAll): 5 crianças, com idade cronológica de quatro anos a quatro anos e 11 meses e Grupo Amostral IIl (GAIIl): 5 crianças, com idade cronológica de cinco anos a cinco anos e 11 meses. Para caracterização dos grupos, foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: escala de avaliação de traços autísticos (ATA) e, para teste de inteligência, o SON-R 2½-7. Para investigar a linguagem, foi utilizado o Preschool Language Assessment Instrument - Second Edition (PLAI-2). Para o grupo comparativo, foram selecionadas 45 crianças, seguindo o mesmo critério para o grupo amostral com o intuito de comparar os grupos. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo software SPSS, versão 21. Como resultados, observou-se que o grupo amostral apresentou desempenho abaixo quando comparado ao grupo comparativo com diferenças estatisticamente significantes na maioria dos itens e subitens do PLAI-2, em todos os grupos etários, crianças com TEA 11 apresentaram escores abaixo em todos os itens e subitens do teste, quando comparadas a crianças típicas. Após a análise dos resultados, foi possível concluir que (1) crianças com TEA – nivel1 apresentaram desempenho inferior quando comparados ao desempenho de crianças com desenvolvimento típico de linguagem; (2) a versão brasileira do PLAI-2 foi capaz de discriminar o desempenho dos grupos.
The Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders found in childhood. Among the main symptoms are: sensory changes, impaired social interaction and repetitive behaviors. Early diagnosis favors a more effective intervention due to the neuroplasticity that is greater during childhood. Thus, the identification and understanding of the signs and symptoms that suggest this condition are, therefore, important to assist in the early diagnosis, as well as in the speech-language assessment and guidance to parents and teachers. The Preschool Language Assessment Instrument - Second Edition (PLAI-2) proposes to investigate and characterize the communicative skills (receptive and expressive) of children between three years old and five years and 11 months of age. It consists of 70 stimuli, subdivided in an equivalent way into two levels of response: (1) receptive: refers to the individual's ability to respond to tasks non-verbally and (2) expressive: refers to the individual's ability to respond verbally to tasks, in each of the four items of communicative ability, which are: choice, selective analysis, perceptual analysis and reasoning. The general aim of this study was to investigate the language performance and behavioral aspects of preschool children diagnosed with ASD and to compare them with children with typical language development. Fifteen preschoolers, of both sexes, diagnosed with ASD - level 1 were selected. The Sample Group was subdivided into three groups from the range contemplated by PLAI-2: Sample Group I (SGI): 5 children with a chronological age of three years to three years and 11 months; Sample Group lI (SGll): 5 children, with chronological age of four years to four years and 11 months and Sample Group IIl (SGIIl): 5 children, with chronological age of five years to five years and 11 months. In order to characterize the groups, the following instruments were used: autistic traits assessment scale (ATA) and, for intelligence testing, the SON-R 2½-7. For the purpose of investigating the language, the Preschool Language Assessment Instrument - Second Edition (PLAI-2) was used. For the comparative group, 45 children were selected, following the same criteria for the sample group with a view to compare the groups of preschoolers. The data were analyzed statistically by the SPSS software, version 21. As a result, it was observed that the sample group presented a below average performance when related to the comparative group with statistically significant differences in most items and subitems of PLAI-2, in all age groups, children with ASD had inferior scores in all items and sub-items of the test, when compared to typical children. After analyzing the results, it was 13 possible to conclude that (1) children with ASD – level 1 showed inferior performance when compared to the performance of children with typical language development; (2) the Brazilian version of PLAI-2 was able to discriminate the groups' performance.
The Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders found in childhood. Among the main symptoms are: sensory changes, impaired social interaction and repetitive behaviors. Early diagnosis favors a more effective intervention due to the neuroplasticity that is greater during childhood. Thus, the identification and understanding of the signs and symptoms that suggest this condition are, therefore, important to assist in the early diagnosis, as well as in the speech-language assessment and guidance to parents and teachers. The Preschool Language Assessment Instrument - Second Edition (PLAI-2) proposes to investigate and characterize the communicative skills (receptive and expressive) of children between three years old and five years and 11 months of age. It consists of 70 stimuli, subdivided in an equivalent way into two levels of response: (1) receptive: refers to the individual's ability to respond to tasks non-verbally and (2) expressive: refers to the individual's ability to respond verbally to tasks, in each of the four items of communicative ability, which are: choice, selective analysis, perceptual analysis and reasoning. The general aim of this study was to investigate the language performance and behavioral aspects of preschool children diagnosed with ASD and to compare them with children with typical language development. Fifteen preschoolers, of both sexes, diagnosed with ASD - level 1 were selected. The Sample Group was subdivided into three groups from the range contemplated by PLAI-2: Sample Group I (SGI): 5 children with a chronological age of three years to three years and 11 months; Sample Group lI (SGll): 5 children, with chronological age of four years to four years and 11 months and Sample Group IIl (SGIIl): 5 children, with chronological age of five years to five years and 11 months. In order to characterize the groups, the following instruments were used: autistic traits assessment scale (ATA) and, for intelligence testing, the SON-R 2½-7. For the purpose of investigating the language, the Preschool Language Assessment Instrument - Second Edition (PLAI-2) was used. For the comparative group, 45 children were selected, following the same criteria for the sample group with a view to compare the groups of preschoolers. The data were analyzed statistically by the SPSS software, version 21. As a result, it was observed that the sample group presented a below average performance when related to the comparative group with statistically significant differences in most items and subitems of PLAI-2, in all age groups, children with ASD had inferior scores in all items and sub-items of the test, when compared to typical children. After analyzing the results, it was 13 possible to conclude that (1) children with ASD – level 1 showed inferior performance when compared to the performance of children with typical language development; (2) the Brazilian version of PLAI-2 was able to discriminate the groups' performance.
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Palavras-chave
Linguagem, Pré-escolar, Transtorno do espectro autista, Language development, Autism spectrum disorder, Preschool