Impactos do ruído ambiental e da atenuação sonora em aves que vocalizam em baixa frequência
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Data
2022-03-10
Autores
Joaquim, Leonardo Marques
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As aves utilizam principalmente os sinais auditivos para a comunicação, determinação de território, escolha de parceiros sexuais e a detecção de ameaças. O ruído ambiental antropogênico é um grande poluente sensorial, pois afeta negativamente o modo como os organismos percebem o ambiente, o que leva algumas aves a alterar a estrutura de suas vocalizações para adequar a transmissão no ambiente acústico local. As aves podem aumentar os valores de amplitude sonora em resposta ao ruído, bem como o aumento nos seus valores gerais de frequência; já que o ruído antrópico predomina nos valores de frequência mais baixos. Patagioenas picazuro é uma espécie pertencente à família Columbidae, com hábitos cosmopolitas e generalistas, sendo um modelo importante por ser abundante na região (centro-oeste paulista), na qual foi efetuado o estudo e dependente da comunicação vocal para as suas interações sociais. Foram registrados um total de 55 indivíduos nos três grupos amostrados A, B e C, sendo 20 indivíduos próximos à rodovia (grupo A), 15 distantes da rodovia (grupo B) e 20 na Estação Ecológica de Caetetus (grupo C). No total foram analisadas 386 vocalizações. O teste de Permanova indicou que entre os três grupos amostrados, A e C são os que mais se diferenciam entre si. As variáveis temporais foram as que são mais influenciadas pela divisão entre os grupos A, B e C. Dentre os critérios de análise temporais (em segundos) e espectrais (em kHz), T1, T2, Pico2 e T3 foram os que apresentaram diferença entre os grupos, confirmando as hipóteses de que os grupos se diferenciam entre si. O estudo evidenciou que os indivíduos de P. picazuro aumentam a duração de suas notas em uma região ruidosa e tem sua relação diretamente proporcional, quanto maior o ruído maior a duração da sua vocalização. A frequência da vocalização também foi influenciada pelo ruído ambiental onde as variáveis vocais tem sua frequência diretamente proporcional ao aumento do ruído. A interação entre atenuação e ruído mostrou-se crucial para entender o comportamento das variáveis nas três áreas analisadas, Grupo A, B e C evidenciando a influência do ambiente em suas vocalizações
Birds primarily use auditory signals for communication, determining territory, choosing sexual partners, and detecting threats. Anthropogenic environmental noise is a major sensory pollutant, as it negatively affects the way organisms perceive the environment, which leads some birds to alter the structure of their vocalizations to adapt the transmission to the local acoustic environment. Birds may increase sound amplitude values in response to noise, as well as the increase in their overall frequency values; since the anthropic noise predominates in the lower frequency values. Patagioenas picazuro is a species belonging to the Columbidae family, with cosmopolitan and generalist habits, being an important model for being abundant in the region (central-west of São Paulo), in which the study was carried out and dependent on vocal communication for its social interactions. A total of 55 individuals were recorded in the three sampled groups A, B and C, being 20 individuals close to the highway (group A), 15 distant from the highway (group B) and 20 in the Caetetus Ecological Station (group C). In total, 386 vocalizations were analyzed. The Permanova test indicated that among the three sampled groups, A and C are the ones that most differ from each other. The temporal variables were the ones that are most influenced by the division between groups A, B and C. Among the temporal (in seconds) and spectral (in kHz) analysis criteria, T1, T2, Peak2 and T3 were the ones that showed a difference between groups, confirming the hypotheses that the groups differ from each other. The study showed that P. picazuro individuals increase the duration of their notes in a noisy region and their relationship is directly proportional, the greater the noise, the longer the duration of their vocalization. The vocalization frequency was also influenced by environmental noise, where the vocal variables have their frequency directly proportional to the noise increase. The interaction between attenuation and noise proved to be crucial to understand the behavior of the variables in the three areas analyzed, Group A, B and C, evidencing the influence of the environment on their vocalizations
Birds primarily use auditory signals for communication, determining territory, choosing sexual partners, and detecting threats. Anthropogenic environmental noise is a major sensory pollutant, as it negatively affects the way organisms perceive the environment, which leads some birds to alter the structure of their vocalizations to adapt the transmission to the local acoustic environment. Birds may increase sound amplitude values in response to noise, as well as the increase in their overall frequency values; since the anthropic noise predominates in the lower frequency values. Patagioenas picazuro is a species belonging to the Columbidae family, with cosmopolitan and generalist habits, being an important model for being abundant in the region (central-west of São Paulo), in which the study was carried out and dependent on vocal communication for its social interactions. A total of 55 individuals were recorded in the three sampled groups A, B and C, being 20 individuals close to the highway (group A), 15 distant from the highway (group B) and 20 in the Caetetus Ecological Station (group C). In total, 386 vocalizations were analyzed. The Permanova test indicated that among the three sampled groups, A and C are the ones that most differ from each other. The temporal variables were the ones that are most influenced by the division between groups A, B and C. Among the temporal (in seconds) and spectral (in kHz) analysis criteria, T1, T2, Peak2 and T3 were the ones that showed a difference between groups, confirming the hypotheses that the groups differ from each other. The study showed that P. picazuro individuals increase the duration of their notes in a noisy region and their relationship is directly proportional, the greater the noise, the longer the duration of their vocalization. The vocalization frequency was also influenced by environmental noise, where the vocal variables have their frequency directly proportional to the noise increase. The interaction between attenuation and noise proved to be crucial to understand the behavior of the variables in the three areas analyzed, Group A, B and C, evidencing the influence of the environment on their vocalizations
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Palavras-chave
Bioacústica, Columbidae, Patagioenas picazuro, Vocalização, Poluição sonora, Ruído antrópico, Aves, Ruído - Análise, Bioacustic, , Vocaliztion, Noise pollution