Formas de nitrogênio no solo e produção do arroz de terras altas em plantio direto
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Data
2011-05-20
Autores
Moro, Edemar [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O nitrogênio (N) é o principal nutriente exigido pela cultura do arroz de terras altas, no entanto o aumento no teor de N no solo nem sempre é vantajoso, principalmente, quando cultivado no sistema plantio direto (SPD), onde há predominância de nitrato. Portanto, o insucesso do arroz de terras altas no SPD pode ser decorrente da predominância de nitrato no solo, pois a correção da acidez resulta em condições favoráveis aos microrganismos nitrificadores. A provável razão para isso pode estar associada à baixa atividade da enzima nitrato redutase nos primeiros 30 dias após a emergência. No entanto, tem sido observado por produtores, que sobre palhada de braquiária a cultura se desenvolve melhor no SPD. Uma das hipóteses que pode explicar tal resultado é o provável efeito que espécies desse gênero exercem na inibição da nitrificação. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se por meio deste trabalho estudar a influência da interação plantas de cobertura x fontes de N nas formas de N no solo e as conseqüências na atividade da enzima nitrato redutase, bem como na produtividade de grãos do arroz de terras altas no sistema plantio direto. A pesquisa foi realizada na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da FCA/UNESP - Botucatu-SP e executado em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foram realizados três experimentos em casa de vegetação. No experimento 1, o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 10 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por 10 cultivares de arroz de terras altas (Caiapó, Carajás, IAC-25, Primavera, IAC 202, BRS Sertaneja, BRS Bonança, BRS Curinga, Maravilha e BRS Talento) combinadas com 4 épocas de avaliação (7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a emergência - DAE). Foram avaliadas diferenças entre cultivares de arroz quanto a atividade da enzima nitrato redutase (NR). No experimento 2, o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado...
Nitrogen (N) is the main nutrient required by the upland rice, but the increase in N level in soil it is not always advantageous, especially when grown under no-tillage system (NT), where there is a predominance of nitrate NO3 --N. Therefore, the failure of upland rice in a NT is possibly due to the predominance of nitrate in the soil, because the correction of the soil acidity results in favorable conditions for the nitrifying microorganisms. The probable reason for this may be associated to the low activity of NR in the first 30 days after emergence. However, it has been noticed by farms, that rice grows best in NT when Brachiaria is used as a cover crop. One of the hypothesis that can explain this result is the probable effect that species of this genus do on nitrification inhibition. The objective of this work was to study the influence of interaction between cover crops and N sources in the forms of soil N, the consequences on the NR activity, as well as in grain yield of upland rice in a NT. The research was carried out in an experimental area located in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil, in two steps. In the first step three experiments were carried out in a greenhouse. In experiment 1, the experimental design was completely randomized factorial 10 x 4 with four replications. The treatments consisted of 10 cultivars of upland rice (Caiapó, Carajás, IAC-25, Primavera, IAC 202, BRS Sertaneja, BRS Bonança, BRS Curinga, Maravilha and BRS Talento) combined with four evaluation periods (7, 14 , 21 and 28 days after emergence - DAE). Differences between rice cultivars and the activity of the NR enzyme were evaluated. In experiment 2, the experimental design was completely randomized factorial 3 x 4 with four replications. The treatments consisted of three soil pH levels (high acidity - 4,5; medium acidity 5,5 and low 5 acidity - 6,3) combined with 4 N sources... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Nitrogen (N) is the main nutrient required by the upland rice, but the increase in N level in soil it is not always advantageous, especially when grown under no-tillage system (NT), where there is a predominance of nitrate NO3 --N. Therefore, the failure of upland rice in a NT is possibly due to the predominance of nitrate in the soil, because the correction of the soil acidity results in favorable conditions for the nitrifying microorganisms. The probable reason for this may be associated to the low activity of NR in the first 30 days after emergence. However, it has been noticed by farms, that rice grows best in NT when Brachiaria is used as a cover crop. One of the hypothesis that can explain this result is the probable effect that species of this genus do on nitrification inhibition. The objective of this work was to study the influence of interaction between cover crops and N sources in the forms of soil N, the consequences on the NR activity, as well as in grain yield of upland rice in a NT. The research was carried out in an experimental area located in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil, in two steps. In the first step three experiments were carried out in a greenhouse. In experiment 1, the experimental design was completely randomized factorial 10 x 4 with four replications. The treatments consisted of 10 cultivars of upland rice (Caiapó, Carajás, IAC-25, Primavera, IAC 202, BRS Sertaneja, BRS Bonança, BRS Curinga, Maravilha and BRS Talento) combined with four evaluation periods (7, 14 , 21 and 28 days after emergence - DAE). Differences between rice cultivars and the activity of the NR enzyme were evaluated. In experiment 2, the experimental design was completely randomized factorial 3 x 4 with four replications. The treatments consisted of three soil pH levels (high acidity - 4,5; medium acidity 5,5 and low 5 acidity - 6,3) combined with 4 N sources... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Plantio direto, Nitrogênio na agricutura, Arroz, Bacterias nitrificantes, Plantas de cobertura, Nitrogen fertilization, Ammonium, Soil fertility, Nitrate, Plant nutrition, Crop system
Como citar
MORO, Edemar. Formas de nitrogênio no solo e produção do arroz de terras altas em plantio direto. 2011. vii, 120 f. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade EStadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, 2011.