Poliklorlu bifenillerin (PCB'ler) konsantrasyonlarının, kuru çökelme ve hava-su ara kesit akılarının belirlenmesi
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Date
2007-02-27
Authors
Cindoruk, S. Sıddık
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, atmosferik çokklorlu bifenillerin (PCB) Bursa atmosferindeki konsantrasyonları, gaz/partikül dağılımları, gaz ve partikül faz kuru çökelme akıları ve toplam çökelme akıları belirlenmiştir. Akı ve konsantrasyon örnekleri, Temmuz-2004 ile Mayıs-2005 tarihleri arasında Uludağ Üniversitesi Kampüsü (UÜK), Butal-Merinos, Bursa Organize Sanayi Bölgesi (BOSB) ve Gülbahçe bölgelerinden toplanmıştır. Gaz ve partikül faz hava örnekleri modifiye yüksek hacimli hava örnekleyicisi (YHHÖ) ile toplanmıştır. UÜK ve Butal-Merinos bölgelerinde su yüzeyi örnekleyicisi (SYÖ) kullanılarak gaz ve partikül faz kuru çökelme akıları belirlenirken, BOSB ve Gülbahçe bölgelerinde ise toplam çökelme akıları paslanmaz çelik kaplar kullanılarak bulunmuştur. Toplam (gaz+partikül) ortalama atmosferik ΣPCB konsantrasyonları UÜK, Butal-Merinos, BOSB ve Gülbahçe bölgeleri için sırasıyla 413,9 pg/m3 , 434,3 pg/m3 , 287,3 pg/m3 ve 435,5 pg/m3 olarak belirlenmiştir. Partikül faz PCB konsantrasyonu toplam konsantrasyonun ortalama %14’ünü teşkil etmiştir. Örneklerde 41 PCB türü araştırılmış ancak ortalama 30 PCB türüne rastlanmıştır. Tüm örneklerde 3-klorobifeniller (CB’ler) baskın homolog grup olarak bulunmuştur. Atmosferik konsantrasyon sonuçları literatürdeki değerlerle benzerlik göstermiştir. SYÖ ile ölçülen kuru çökelme akıları ise UÜK ve Butal-Merinos için sırasıyla 46,3 ve 86,0 ng/m2 -gün olarak tespit edilmiştir. Gaz faz kuru çökelme veya hava-su arakesit geçiş akıları UÜK ve Butal-Merinos için sırasıyla 79,3 ve 112,4 ng/m2 -gün olarak belirlenmiştir. Toplam çökelme akıları ise BOSB ve Gülbahçe bölgeleri için sırasıyla 15,4 ve 36,2 ng/m2 -gün şeklinde tespit edilmiştir. Kuru çökelme hızları (Vd), PCB’lerin kuru çökelme akıları ve partikül faz konsantrasyonları kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Ortalama Vd değerleri UÜK ve Butal-Merinos için sırasıyla 1,55 ve 1,57 cm/s olarak belirlenmiştir. Kütle transfer katsayıları (KTK, KH) PCB’lerin gaz faz kuru çökelme akıları ve gaz faz konsantrasyonları kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Ortalama KTK değerleri UÜK ve ButalMerinos için sırasıyla 0,60 ve 0,71 cm/s olarak hesaplanmıştır. Belirlenen KTK değerleri ise daha once SYÖ kullanılarak ölçülen değerlere yakın çıkmıştır.
In this study, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations, gas/particle partitioning, particle and gas phase dry deposition fluxes and bulk deposition fluxes were measured in the atmosphere of Bursa/Turkey. Samples were collected between July-2004 and May-2005 from the four different sites called Uludag University Campus (UUC), Bursa Organized Industrial District (BOID), Butal-Merinos and Gülbahçe. Air samples were collected using a modified high volume air sampler (HVAS) to measure particle and gas phase concentrations. Modified water surface samplers (WSSs) were employed in UUC and Butal-Merinos sites to collect particle and gas phase dry deposition samples while bulk deposition samples were collected using stainless steel pots in BOID and Gülbahçe sites. Atmospheric total (gas+particle) ΣPCB concentrations were 413.9 pg/m3 , 434.3 pg/m3 , 287.3 pg/m3 and 435.5 pg/m3 for UUC, Butal-Merinos, BOID and Gülbahçe sites, respectively. The average particle phase ratio was determined around 14% of the total concentration. Forty-one PCB congeners were targeted in the samples but the average of PCB congeners detected in the samples was 30. In all sampling sites, 3-chlorobiphenyls (CBs) was the dominant homolog group. These all results related to atmospheric PCB levels were in good agreement with reported values. Dry deposition fluxes measured with WSS were 46.3 and 86.0 ng/m2 - day for UUC and Butal-Merinos, respectively. Gas phase dry deposition or air-water exchange fluxes were 79.3 and 112.4 ng/m2 -day for UUC and Butal-Merinos, respectively. Bulk deposition fluxes determined for BOID and Gülbahçe were 15,4 and 36,2 ng/m2 -day, respectively. Dry deposition velocities (Vd) were calculated using dry deposition fluxes and particle phase concentrations of PCBs. Average dry deposition velocities were 1.55 and 1.57 cm/s for UUC and Butal-Merinos, respectively. Mass transfer coefficients (MTC, KG) were calculated using gas phase dry deposition fluxes and pas phase concentrations of PCBs. The average MTC values were 0.60 and 0.71 cm/s for UUC and Butal-Merinos sites, respectively. The MTC values were in agreement with previously reported values using WSS.
In this study, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations, gas/particle partitioning, particle and gas phase dry deposition fluxes and bulk deposition fluxes were measured in the atmosphere of Bursa/Turkey. Samples were collected between July-2004 and May-2005 from the four different sites called Uludag University Campus (UUC), Bursa Organized Industrial District (BOID), Butal-Merinos and Gülbahçe. Air samples were collected using a modified high volume air sampler (HVAS) to measure particle and gas phase concentrations. Modified water surface samplers (WSSs) were employed in UUC and Butal-Merinos sites to collect particle and gas phase dry deposition samples while bulk deposition samples were collected using stainless steel pots in BOID and Gülbahçe sites. Atmospheric total (gas+particle) ΣPCB concentrations were 413.9 pg/m3 , 434.3 pg/m3 , 287.3 pg/m3 and 435.5 pg/m3 for UUC, Butal-Merinos, BOID and Gülbahçe sites, respectively. The average particle phase ratio was determined around 14% of the total concentration. Forty-one PCB congeners were targeted in the samples but the average of PCB congeners detected in the samples was 30. In all sampling sites, 3-chlorobiphenyls (CBs) was the dominant homolog group. These all results related to atmospheric PCB levels were in good agreement with reported values. Dry deposition fluxes measured with WSS were 46.3 and 86.0 ng/m2 - day for UUC and Butal-Merinos, respectively. Gas phase dry deposition or air-water exchange fluxes were 79.3 and 112.4 ng/m2 -day for UUC and Butal-Merinos, respectively. Bulk deposition fluxes determined for BOID and Gülbahçe were 15,4 and 36,2 ng/m2 -day, respectively. Dry deposition velocities (Vd) were calculated using dry deposition fluxes and particle phase concentrations of PCBs. Average dry deposition velocities were 1.55 and 1.57 cm/s for UUC and Butal-Merinos, respectively. Mass transfer coefficients (MTC, KG) were calculated using gas phase dry deposition fluxes and pas phase concentrations of PCBs. The average MTC values were 0.60 and 0.71 cm/s for UUC and Butal-Merinos sites, respectively. The MTC values were in agreement with previously reported values using WSS.
Description
Keywords
PCB’ler, Konsantrasyon, Gaz/partikül dağılımı, Kuru çökelme, Akı, Kuru çökelme hızı, Kütle transfer katsayısı, Bursa, PCBs, Concentration, Gas/particle distribution, Dry deposition, Flux, Dry deposition velocity, Mass transfer coefficient
Citation
Cindoruk, S. S. (2007). Poliklorlu bifenillerin (PCB'ler) konsantrasyonlarının, kuru çökelme ve hava-su ara kesit akılarının belirlenmesi. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.