Dispersion forces stabilise ice coatings at certain gas hydrate interfaces which prevent water wetting

Gas hydrates formed in oceans and permafrost occur in vast quantities on Earth representing both a massive potential fuel source and a large threat in climate forecasts. They have been predicted to be important on other bodies in our solar systems such as Enceladus, a moon of Saturn. CO2-hydrates likely drive the massive gas-rich water plumes seen and sampled by the spacecraft Cassini, and the source of these hydrates is thought to be due to buoyant gas hydrate particles. Dispersion forces can in some cases cause gas hydrates at thermal equilibrium to be coated in a 3-4nm thick film of ice, or to contact water directly, depending on which gas they contain. As an example, the results are valid at a quadruple point of water-CO2 gas hydrate system, where a film is formed not only for the model with pure ice but also in the presence of impurities in water or in the ice layer. These films are shown to signicantly alter the properties of the gas hydrate clusters, for example, whether they float or sink. It is also expected to influence gas hydrate growth and gas leakage.