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Thermal anomalies associated with shallow gas hydrates in the K-2 mud volcano, Lake Baikal

Jeffrey Poort (UGent) , Oleg M Khlystov, Lieven Naudts (UGent) , Albert D Duchkov, Hitoshi Shoji, Shin'ya Nishio, Marc De Batist (UGent) , Akihiro Hachikubo, Masato Kida, Hirotsugu Minami, et al.
(2012) GEO-MARINE LETTERS. 32(5-6). p.407-417
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Organization
Abstract
Thermal measurements and hydrate mapping in the vicinity of the K-2 mud volcano in Lake Baikal have revealed a particular type of association of thermal anomalies (29-121 mW m(-2)) near hydrate-forming layers. Detailed coring within K-2 showed that hydrates are restricted to two distinct zones at sub-bottom depths exceeding 70-300 cm. Temperature data from stations with hydrate recovery and degassing features all display low thermal gradients. Otherwise, the thermal gradients within the mud volcano are generally increased. These findings imply a more complicated thermal regime than often assumed for mud volcanoes, with important roles for both fluids and hydrates. The coexistence of neighbouring low and high thermal anomalies is interpreted to result from discharging and recharging fluid activity, rather than hydrate thermodynamics. It is suggested that hydrates play a key role in controlling the fluid circulation pattern at an early stage. At a later stage, the inflow of undersaturated lake water would favour the dissolution of structure I hydrates and the formation of structure II hydrates, the latter having been observed on top of structure I hydrates in the K-2 mud volcano.
Keywords
SEDIMENTS, METHANE, ACCUMULATION, CONDUCTIVITY, RIFT-ZONE, WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION, BLACK-SEA, FLUID-FLOW, HEAT-FLOW, EASTERN SIBERIA

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MLA
Poort, Jeffrey, et al. “Thermal Anomalies Associated with Shallow Gas Hydrates in the K-2 Mud Volcano, Lake Baikal.” GEO-MARINE LETTERS, vol. 32, no. 5–6, 2012, pp. 407–17, doi:10.1007/s00367-012-0292-0.
APA
Poort, J., Khlystov, O. M., Naudts, L., Duchkov, A. D., Shoji, H., Nishio, S., … Krylov, A. A. (2012). Thermal anomalies associated with shallow gas hydrates in the K-2 mud volcano, Lake Baikal. GEO-MARINE LETTERS, 32(5–6), 407–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-012-0292-0
Chicago author-date
Poort, Jeffrey, Oleg M Khlystov, Lieven Naudts, Albert D Duchkov, Hitoshi Shoji, Shin’ya Nishio, Marc De Batist, et al. 2012. “Thermal Anomalies Associated with Shallow Gas Hydrates in the K-2 Mud Volcano, Lake Baikal.” GEO-MARINE LETTERS 32 (5–6): 407–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-012-0292-0.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Poort, Jeffrey, Oleg M Khlystov, Lieven Naudts, Albert D Duchkov, Hitoshi Shoji, Shin’ya Nishio, Marc De Batist, Akihiro Hachikubo, Masato Kida, Hirotsugu Minami, Andrey Y Manakov, Marina V Kulikova, and Alexey A Krylov. 2012. “Thermal Anomalies Associated with Shallow Gas Hydrates in the K-2 Mud Volcano, Lake Baikal.” GEO-MARINE LETTERS 32 (5–6): 407–417. doi:10.1007/s00367-012-0292-0.
Vancouver
1.
Poort J, Khlystov OM, Naudts L, Duchkov AD, Shoji H, Nishio S, et al. Thermal anomalies associated with shallow gas hydrates in the K-2 mud volcano, Lake Baikal. GEO-MARINE LETTERS. 2012;32(5–6):407–17.
IEEE
[1]
J. Poort et al., “Thermal anomalies associated with shallow gas hydrates in the K-2 mud volcano, Lake Baikal,” GEO-MARINE LETTERS, vol. 32, no. 5–6, pp. 407–417, 2012.
@article{3081797,
  abstract     = {{Thermal measurements and hydrate mapping in the vicinity of the K-2 mud volcano in Lake Baikal have revealed a particular type of association of thermal anomalies (29-121 mW m(-2)) near hydrate-forming layers. Detailed coring within K-2 showed that hydrates are restricted to two distinct zones at sub-bottom depths exceeding 70-300 cm. Temperature data from stations with hydrate recovery and degassing features all display low thermal gradients. Otherwise, the thermal gradients within the mud volcano are generally increased. These findings imply a more complicated thermal regime than often assumed for mud volcanoes, with important roles for both fluids and hydrates. The coexistence of neighbouring low and high thermal anomalies is interpreted to result from discharging and recharging fluid activity, rather than hydrate thermodynamics. It is suggested that hydrates play a key role in controlling the fluid circulation pattern at an early stage. At a later stage, the inflow of undersaturated lake water would favour the dissolution of structure I hydrates and the formation of structure II hydrates, the latter having been observed on top of structure I hydrates in the K-2 mud volcano.}},
  author       = {{Poort, Jeffrey and Khlystov, Oleg M and Naudts, Lieven and Duchkov, Albert D and Shoji, Hitoshi and Nishio, Shin'ya and De Batist, Marc and Hachikubo, Akihiro and Kida, Masato and Minami, Hirotsugu and Manakov, Andrey Y and Kulikova, Marina V and Krylov, Alexey A}},
  issn         = {{0276-0460}},
  journal      = {{GEO-MARINE LETTERS}},
  keywords     = {{SEDIMENTS,METHANE,ACCUMULATION,CONDUCTIVITY,RIFT-ZONE,WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION,BLACK-SEA,FLUID-FLOW,HEAT-FLOW,EASTERN SIBERIA}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{5-6}},
  pages        = {{407--417}},
  title        = {{Thermal anomalies associated with shallow gas hydrates in the K-2 mud volcano, Lake Baikal}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-012-0292-0}},
  volume       = {{32}},
  year         = {{2012}},
}
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