@article{5698817,
  abstract     = {{IMPORTANCE: Enteral administration of immune-modulating nutrients (eg, glutamine, omega-3 fatty acids, selenium, and antioxidants) has been suggested to reduce infections and improve recovery from critical illness. However, controversy exists on the use of immune-modulating enteral nutrition, reflected by lack of consensus in guidelines.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether high-protein enteral nutrition enriched with immune-modulating nutrients (IMHP) reduces the incidence of infections compared with standard high-protein enteral nutrition (HP) in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The MetaPlus study, a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial, was conducted from February 2010 through April 2012 including a 6-month follow-up period in 14 intensive care units (ICUs) in the Netherlands, Germany, France, and Belgium. A total of 301 adult patients who were expected to be ventilated for more than 72 hours and to require enteral nutrition for more than 72 hours were randomized to the IMHP (n = 152) or HP (n = 149) group and included in an intention-to-treat analysis, performed for the total population as well as predefined medical, surgical, and trauma subpopulations.
INTERVENTIONS: High-protein enteral nutrition enriched with immune-modulating nutrients vs standard high-protein enteral nutrition, initiated within 48 hours of ICU admission and continued during the ICU stay for a maximum of 28 days.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome measure was incidence of new infections according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definitions. Secondary end points included mortality, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores, mechanical ventilation duration, ICU and hospital lengths of stay, and subtypes of infections according CDC definitions.
RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in incidence of new infections between the groups: 53%(95% CI, 44%-61%) in the IMHP group vs 52%(95% CI, 44%-61%) in the HP group (P = .96). No statistically significant differences were observed in other end points, except for a higher 6-month mortality rate in the medical subgroup: 54%(95% CI, 40%-67%) in the IMHP group vs 35%(95% CI, 22%-49%) in the HP group (P = .04), with a hazard ratio of 1.57 (95% CI, 1.03-2.39; P = .04) for 6-month mortality adjusted for age and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score comparing the groups.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among adult patients breathing with the aid of mechanical ventilation in the ICU, IMHP compared with HP did not improve infectious complications or other clinical end points and may be harmful as suggested by increased adjusted mortality at 6 months. These findings do not support the use of IMHP nutrients in these patients.}},
  author       = {{van Zanten, Arthur RH and Sztark, Franois and Kaisers, Udo X and Zielmann, Siegfried and Felbinger, Thomas W and Sablotzki, Armin R and De Waele, Jan and Timsit, Jean-François and Honing, Marina LH and Keh, Didier and Vincent, Jean-Louis and Zazzo, Jean-Fabien and Fijn, Harvey BM and Petit, Laurent and Preiser, Jean-Charles and van Horssen, Peter J and Hofman, Zandrie}},
  issn         = {{0098-7484}},
  journal      = {{JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}},
  keywords     = {{ANTIOXIDANTS,IMMUNONUTRITION,ACUTE LUNG INJURY,EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID,VENTILATED PATIENTS,INTENSIVE-CARE PATIENTS,GAMMA-LINOLENIC ACID,PARENTERAL GLUTAMINE SUPPLEMENTATION,CRITICALLY-ILL PATIENTS,PATIENT}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{5}},
  pages        = {{514--524}},
  title        = {{High-protein enteral nutrition enriched with immune-modulating nutrients vs standard high-protein enteral nutrition and nosocomial infections in the ICU: a randomized clinical trial}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.7698}},
  volume       = {{312}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

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