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Risk factors for recurrence of atrial fibrillation in horses after cardioversion to sinus rhythm

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Abstract
Background: Although atrial fibrillation (AF) can be successfully treated in horses, recurrence occurs frequently. In humans, atrial function after cardioversion can predict recurrence. Objectives: To examine the prognostic value of atrial mechanical function at 24 hours after cardioversion and other potential predictor variables for AF recurrence in horses. Animals: 117 horses treated for AF at 4 referral centers. Methods: Retrospective study. Inclusion criteria were successful cardioversion, echocardiography at 24 hours after cardioversion and >= 4 months follow-up. To determine factors associated with AF recurrence, a multivariable survival model was built. Results: 133 AF episodes in 117 horses were included. AF recurred in 36/100 horses with a first AF episode and in 57/133 AF episodes overall. Factors associated with recurrence in horses with a first episode were previous unsuccessful treatment attempt (hazard ratio HR 2.36, 95% confidence interval CI 1.11-4.99, P =.025) and mild or moderate mitral regurgitation (HR 2.70, 95% CI 1.23-5.91, P =.013). When the last AF episode of all horses was included, previous AF (HR 2.53, 1.33-4.82, P =.005) and active left atrial fractional area change <= 9.6% (HR 3.43, 1.22-9.67, P =.020) were significant predictors. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The only echocardiographic variable of left atrial function with significant prognostic value for recurrence was low active left atrial fractional area change. Further research is necessary to evaluate whether echocardiography at a later timepoint could provide more prognostic information.
Keywords
LOWER AIRWAY INFLAMMATION, Echocardiography, SERUM-AMYLOID-A, Quinidine sulfate, Tissue Doppler imaging, Transvenous Electrical cardioversion, ACUTE-PHASE RESPONSE, SURFACTANT-PROTEIN-D, C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, SAA, EXPRESSION, DISEASE, RACEHORSES, EXERCISE

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MLA
Decloedt, Annelies, et al. “Risk Factors for Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation in Horses after Cardioversion to Sinus Rhythm.” JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, vol. 29, no. 3, 2015, pp. 946–53, doi:10.1111/jvim.12606.
APA
Decloedt, A., Schwarzwald, C. C., De Clercq, D., Van Der Vekens, N., Pardon, B., Reef, V. B., & van Loon, G. (2015). Risk factors for recurrence of atrial fibrillation in horses after cardioversion to sinus rhythm. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, 29(3), 946–953. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12606
Chicago author-date
Decloedt, Annelies, Colin C Schwarzwald, Dominique De Clercq, Nicky Van Der Vekens, Bart Pardon, Virginia B Reef, and Gunther van Loon. 2015. “Risk Factors for Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation in Horses after Cardioversion to Sinus Rhythm.” JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE 29 (3): 946–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12606.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Decloedt, Annelies, Colin C Schwarzwald, Dominique De Clercq, Nicky Van Der Vekens, Bart Pardon, Virginia B Reef, and Gunther van Loon. 2015. “Risk Factors for Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation in Horses after Cardioversion to Sinus Rhythm.” JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE 29 (3): 946–953. doi:10.1111/jvim.12606.
Vancouver
1.
Decloedt A, Schwarzwald CC, De Clercq D, Van Der Vekens N, Pardon B, Reef VB, et al. Risk factors for recurrence of atrial fibrillation in horses after cardioversion to sinus rhythm. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE. 2015;29(3):946–53.
IEEE
[1]
A. Decloedt et al., “Risk factors for recurrence of atrial fibrillation in horses after cardioversion to sinus rhythm,” JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 946–953, 2015.
@article{6863332,
  abstract     = {{Background: Although atrial fibrillation (AF) can be successfully treated in horses, recurrence occurs frequently. In humans, atrial function after cardioversion can predict recurrence. 
Objectives: To examine the prognostic value of atrial mechanical function at 24 hours after cardioversion and other potential predictor variables for AF recurrence in horses. 
Animals: 117 horses treated for AF at 4 referral centers. 
Methods: Retrospective study. Inclusion criteria were successful cardioversion, echocardiography at 24 hours after cardioversion and >= 4 months follow-up. To determine factors associated with AF recurrence, a multivariable survival model was built. 
Results: 133 AF episodes in 117 horses were included. AF recurred in 36/100 horses with a first AF episode and in 57/133 AF episodes overall. Factors associated with recurrence in horses with a first episode were previous unsuccessful treatment attempt (hazard ratio HR 2.36, 95% confidence interval CI 1.11-4.99, P =.025) and mild or moderate mitral regurgitation (HR 2.70, 95% CI 1.23-5.91, P =.013). When the last AF episode of all horses was included, previous AF (HR 2.53, 1.33-4.82, P =.005) and active left atrial fractional area change <= 9.6% (HR 3.43, 1.22-9.67, P =.020) were significant predictors. 
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The only echocardiographic variable of left atrial function with significant prognostic value for recurrence was low active left atrial fractional area change. Further research is necessary to evaluate whether echocardiography at a later timepoint could provide more prognostic information.}},
  author       = {{Decloedt, Annelies and Schwarzwald, Colin C and De Clercq, Dominique and Van Der Vekens, Nicky and Pardon, Bart and Reef, Virginia B and van Loon, Gunther}},
  issn         = {{0891-6640}},
  journal      = {{JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}},
  keywords     = {{LOWER AIRWAY INFLAMMATION,Echocardiography,SERUM-AMYLOID-A,Quinidine sulfate,Tissue Doppler imaging,Transvenous Electrical cardioversion,ACUTE-PHASE RESPONSE,SURFACTANT-PROTEIN-D,C-REACTIVE PROTEIN,SAA,EXPRESSION,DISEASE,RACEHORSES,EXERCISE}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{3}},
  pages        = {{946--953}},
  title        = {{Risk factors for recurrence of atrial fibrillation in horses after cardioversion to sinus rhythm}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12606}},
  volume       = {{29}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

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