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Mental health of refugees and migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic : the role of experienced discrimination and daily stressors

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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a defining global health crisis of our time. While the impact of COVID-19, including its mental health impact, is increasingly being documented, there remain important gaps regarding the specific consequences of the pandemic on particular population groups, including refugees and migrants. This study aims to uncover the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of refugees and migrants worldwide, disentangling the possible role of social and daily stressors, i.e., experiences of discrimination and daily living conditions. Descriptive analysis and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the responses of N = 20,742 refugees and migrants on the self-reporting global ApartTogether survey. Survey findings indicated that the mental health of refugees and migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic was significantly impacted, particularly for certain subgroups, (i.e., insecure housing situation and residence status, older respondents, and females) who reported experiencing higher levels of increased discrimination and increases in daily life stressors. There is a need to recognize the detrimental mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on particular refugee and migrant groups and to develop interventions that target their unique needs.
Keywords
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, refugees, migrants, mental health, discrimination, COVID-19, SOCIAL SUPPORT, PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION, TRAUMA, IMPACT, EBOLA, WOMEN, MODEL

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MLA
Spiritus-Beerden, Eva, et al. “Mental Health of Refugees and Migrants during the COVID-19 Pandemic : The Role of Experienced Discrimination and Daily Stressors.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH, vol. 18, no. 12, 2021, doi:10.3390/ijerph18126354.
APA
Spiritus-Beerden, E., Verelst, A., Devlieger, I., Langer Primdahl, N., Botelho Guedes, F., Chiarenza, A., … Derluyn, I. (2021). Mental health of refugees and migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic : the role of experienced discrimination and daily stressors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH, 18(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126354
Chicago author-date
Spiritus-Beerden, Eva, An Verelst, Ines Devlieger, Nina Langer Primdahl, Fábio Botelho Guedes, Antonio Chiarenza, Stéphanie De Maesschalck, et al. 2021. “Mental Health of Refugees and Migrants during the COVID-19 Pandemic : The Role of Experienced Discrimination and Daily Stressors.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 18 (12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126354.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Spiritus-Beerden, Eva, An Verelst, Ines Devlieger, Nina Langer Primdahl, Fábio Botelho Guedes, Antonio Chiarenza, Stéphanie De Maesschalck, Natalie Durbeej, Rocío Garrido, Margarida Gaspar de Matos, Elisabeth Ioannidi, Rebecca Murphy, Rachid Oulahal, Fatumo Osman, Beatriz Padilla, Virginia Paloma, Amer Shehadeh, Gesine Sturm, Maria van den Muijsenbergh, Katerina Vasilikou, Charles Watters, Sara Willems, Morten Skovdal, and Ilse Derluyn. 2021. “Mental Health of Refugees and Migrants during the COVID-19 Pandemic : The Role of Experienced Discrimination and Daily Stressors.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 18 (12). doi:10.3390/ijerph18126354.
Vancouver
1.
Spiritus-Beerden E, Verelst A, Devlieger I, Langer Primdahl N, Botelho Guedes F, Chiarenza A, et al. Mental health of refugees and migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic : the role of experienced discrimination and daily stressors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH. 2021;18(12).
IEEE
[1]
E. Spiritus-Beerden et al., “Mental health of refugees and migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic : the role of experienced discrimination and daily stressors,” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH, vol. 18, no. 12, 2021.
@article{8722762,
  abstract     = {{The COVID-19 pandemic is a defining global health crisis of our time. While the impact of COVID-19, including its mental health impact, is increasingly being documented, there remain important gaps regarding the specific consequences of the pandemic on particular population groups, including refugees and migrants. This study aims to uncover the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of refugees and migrants worldwide, disentangling the possible role of social and daily stressors, i.e., experiences of discrimination and daily living conditions. Descriptive analysis and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the responses of N = 20,742 refugees and migrants on the self-reporting global ApartTogether survey. Survey findings indicated that the mental health of refugees and migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic was significantly impacted, particularly for certain subgroups, (i.e., insecure housing situation and residence status, older respondents, and females) who reported experiencing higher levels of increased discrimination and increases in daily life stressors. There is a need to recognize the detrimental mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on particular refugee and migrant groups and to develop interventions that target their unique needs.}},
  articleno    = {{6354}},
  author       = {{Spiritus-Beerden, Eva and Verelst, An and Devlieger, Ines and Langer Primdahl, Nina and Botelho Guedes, Fábio and Chiarenza, Antonio and De Maesschalck, Stéphanie and Durbeej, Natalie and Garrido, Rocío and Gaspar de Matos, Margarida and Ioannidi, Elisabeth and Murphy, Rebecca and Oulahal, Rachid and Osman, Fatumo and Padilla, Beatriz and Paloma, Virginia and Shehadeh, Amer and Sturm, Gesine and van den Muijsenbergh, Maria and Vasilikou, Katerina and Watters, Charles and Willems, Sara and Skovdal, Morten and Derluyn, Ilse}},
  issn         = {{1660-4601}},
  journal      = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH}},
  keywords     = {{Health,Toxicology and Mutagenesis,Public Health,Environmental and Occupational Health,refugees,migrants,mental health,discrimination,COVID-19,SOCIAL SUPPORT,PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION,TRAUMA,IMPACT,EBOLA,WOMEN,MODEL}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{12}},
  pages        = {{14}},
  title        = {{Mental health of refugees and migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic : the role of experienced discrimination and daily stressors}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126354}},
  volume       = {{18}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

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