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History and future of backward erosion research

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Abstract
Backward Erosion Piping (BEP) is a form of internal erosion that is prevalent in sandy foundations of dams and levees. The general concept of BEP is quite simple, soil particles are eroded by seepage forces at an unprotected exit forming a pipe the progresses back under a cohesive roof toward the seepage source. However, the actual BEP mechanism is quite complex, combining the mechanisms of a complex seepage regime, seepage forces, soil dislocation, and soil transportation. This paper examines over a century of research that has progressed through empirical observation and field observation to physical and numerical modeling. Each stage of research is considered a “loop” where a research question is addressed leading to greater understanding of the mechanism but also more questions that form the basis of latter research loops.

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MLA
Rice, John, et al. “History and Future of Backward Erosion Research.” 10th International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-10), Proceedings, edited by John Rice et al., American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2021, pp. 1–23.
APA
Rice, J., van Beek, V., & Bezuijen, A. (2021). History and future of backward erosion research. In J. Rice, X. Liu, I. Sasanakul, M. McIlroy, & M. Xiao (Eds.), 10th International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-10), Proceedings (pp. 1–23). American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).
Chicago author-date
Rice, John, Vera van Beek, and Adam Bezuijen. 2021. “History and Future of Backward Erosion Research.” In 10th International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-10), Proceedings, edited by John Rice, Xiaofeng Liu, Inthuorn Sasanakul, Martin McIlroy, and Ming Xiao, 1–23. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Rice, John, Vera van Beek, and Adam Bezuijen. 2021. “History and Future of Backward Erosion Research.” In 10th International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-10), Proceedings, ed by. John Rice, Xiaofeng Liu, Inthuorn Sasanakul, Martin McIlroy, and Ming Xiao, 1–23. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).
Vancouver
1.
Rice J, van Beek V, Bezuijen A. History and future of backward erosion research. In: Rice J, Liu X, Sasanakul I, McIlroy M, Xiao M, editors. 10th International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-10), Proceedings. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE); 2021. p. 1–23.
IEEE
[1]
J. Rice, V. van Beek, and A. Bezuijen, “History and future of backward erosion research,” in 10th International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-10), Proceedings, Online, 2021, pp. 1–23.
@inproceedings{8722931,
  abstract     = {{Backward Erosion Piping (BEP) is a form of internal erosion that is prevalent in sandy foundations 
of dams and levees. The general concept of BEP is quite simple, soil particles are eroded by 
seepage forces at an unprotected exit forming a pipe the progresses back under a cohesive roof 
toward the seepage source. However, the actual BEP mechanism is quite complex, combining the 
mechanisms of a complex seepage regime, seepage forces, soil dislocation, and soil transportation. 
This paper examines over a century of research that has progressed through empirical observation 
and field observation to physical and numerical modeling. Each stage of research is considered a 
“loop” where a research question is addressed leading to greater understanding of the mechanism 
but also more questions that form the basis of latter research loops.}},
  author       = {{Rice, John and van Beek, Vera and Bezuijen, Adam}},
  booktitle    = {{10th International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-10), Proceedings}},
  editor       = {{Rice, John and Liu, Xiaofeng and Sasanakul, Inthuorn and McIlroy, Martin and Xiao, Ming}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  location     = {{Online}},
  pages        = {{1--23}},
  publisher    = {{American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}},
  title        = {{History and future of backward erosion research}},
  url          = {{https://icse.asce.org/}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}