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Cascaded statistical shape model based segmentation of the full lower limb in CT

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Abstract
Image segmentation has become an important tool in orthopedic and biomechanical research. However, it greatly remains a time-consuming and laborious task. In this manuscript, we propose a fully automatic model-based segmentation pipeline for the full lower limb in computed tomography (CT) images. The method relies on prior shape model fitting, followed by a gradient-defined free from deformation. The technique allows for the generation of anatomically corresponding surface meshes, which can subsequently be applied in anatomical and mechanical simulation studies. Starting from an initial, small (n <= 10) sample of manual segmentations, the model is continuously updated and refined with newly segmented training samples. Validation of the segmentation pipeline was performed by comparing the automatic segmentations against corresponding manual segmentations. Convergence of the segmentation pipeline was obtained in 250 cases and failed in three samples. The average distance error ranged from 0.53 to 0.76 mm and maximal error ranged from 2.0 to 7.8 mm for the 7 different osteological structures that were investigated. The accuracy of the shape model-based segmentation gradually increased as the number of training shapes in the updated population also increased. When optimized with the free form deformation, however, average segmentation accuracy rapidly plateaued from already as little as 20 training samples on. The maximum segmentation error plateaued from 100 training samples on.
Keywords
Image segmentation, lower limb, computed tomography, statistical shape model, AUTOMATIC SEGMENTATION, IMAGE SEGMENTATION, REGISTRATION, EFFICIENT, OBJECTS, FEMUR

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MLA
Audenaert, Emmanuel, et al. “Cascaded Statistical Shape Model Based Segmentation of the Full Lower Limb in CT.” COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, vol. 22, no. 6, 2019, pp. 644–57, doi:10.1080/10255842.2019.1577828.
APA
Audenaert, E., Van Houcke, J., Moreira Campos Ferreira de Almeida, D., Paelinck, L., Peiffer, M., Steenackers, G., & Vandermeulen, D. (2019). Cascaded statistical shape model based segmentation of the full lower limb in CT. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, 22(6), 644–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2019.1577828
Chicago author-date
Audenaert, Emmanuel, Jan Van Houcke, Diogo Moreira Campos Ferreira de Almeida, Lena Paelinck, Matthias Peiffer, Gunther Steenackers, and Dirk Vandermeulen. 2019. “Cascaded Statistical Shape Model Based Segmentation of the Full Lower Limb in CT.” COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 22 (6): 644–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2019.1577828.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Audenaert, Emmanuel, Jan Van Houcke, Diogo Moreira Campos Ferreira de Almeida, Lena Paelinck, Matthias Peiffer, Gunther Steenackers, and Dirk Vandermeulen. 2019. “Cascaded Statistical Shape Model Based Segmentation of the Full Lower Limb in CT.” COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 22 (6): 644–657. doi:10.1080/10255842.2019.1577828.
Vancouver
1.
Audenaert E, Van Houcke J, Moreira Campos Ferreira de Almeida D, Paelinck L, Peiffer M, Steenackers G, et al. Cascaded statistical shape model based segmentation of the full lower limb in CT. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING. 2019;22(6):644–57.
IEEE
[1]
E. Audenaert et al., “Cascaded statistical shape model based segmentation of the full lower limb in CT,” COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 644–657, 2019.
@article{8733684,
  abstract     = {{Image segmentation has become an important tool in orthopedic and biomechanical research. However, it greatly remains a time-consuming and laborious task. In this manuscript, we propose a fully automatic model-based segmentation pipeline for the full lower limb in computed tomography (CT) images. The method relies on prior shape model fitting, followed by a gradient-defined free from deformation. The technique allows for the generation of anatomically corresponding surface meshes, which can subsequently be applied in anatomical and mechanical simulation studies. Starting from an initial, small (n <= 10) sample of manual segmentations, the model is continuously updated and refined with newly segmented training samples. Validation of the segmentation pipeline was performed by comparing the automatic segmentations against corresponding manual segmentations. Convergence of the segmentation pipeline was obtained in 250 cases and failed in three samples. The average distance error ranged from 0.53 to 0.76 mm and maximal error ranged from 2.0 to 7.8 mm for the 7 different osteological structures that were investigated. The accuracy of the shape model-based segmentation gradually increased as the number of training shapes in the updated population also increased. When optimized with the free form deformation, however, average segmentation accuracy rapidly plateaued from already as little as 20 training samples on. The maximum segmentation error plateaued from 100 training samples on.}},
  author       = {{Audenaert, Emmanuel and Van Houcke, Jan and Moreira Campos Ferreira de Almeida, Diogo and Paelinck, Lena and Peiffer, Matthias and Steenackers, Gunther and Vandermeulen, Dirk}},
  issn         = {{1025-5842}},
  journal      = {{COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING}},
  keywords     = {{Image segmentation,lower limb,computed tomography,statistical shape model,AUTOMATIC SEGMENTATION,IMAGE SEGMENTATION,REGISTRATION,EFFICIENT,OBJECTS,FEMUR}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{6}},
  pages        = {{644--657}},
  title        = {{Cascaded statistical shape model based segmentation of the full lower limb in CT}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2019.1577828}},
  volume       = {{22}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

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