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Springtail coloration at a finer scale : mechanisms behind vibrant collembolan metallic colours

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Abstract
The mechanisms and evolution of metallic structural colours are of both fundamental and applied interest, yet most work in arthropods has focused on derived butterflies and beetles with distinct hues. In particular, basal hexapods-groups with many scaled, metallic representatives-are currently poorly studied and controversial, with some recent studies suggesting either that thin-film (lamina thickness) or diffraction grating (longitudinal ridges, cross-ribs) elements produce these colours in early Lepidoptera and one springtail (Collembola) species. Especially the collembolan basal scale design, consisting of a single lamina and longitudinal ridges with smooth valleys lacking cross-ribs, makes them an interesting group to explore the mechanisms of metallic coloration. Using microspectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy and finite-difference time-domain optical modelling, we investigated scale colour in seven springtail species that show clear metallic coloration. Reflectance spectra are largely uniform and exhibit a broadband metallic/golden coloration with peaks in the violet/blue region. Our simulations confirm the role of the longitudinal ridges, working in conjunction with thin-film effects to produce a broadband metallic coloration. Broadband coloration occurs through spatial colour mixing, which probably results from nanoscale variation in scale thickness and ridge height and distance. These results provide crucial insights into the colour production mechanisms in a basal scale design and highlight the need for further investigation of scaled, basal arthropods.
Keywords
scale colour, scale structure, Collembola, thin film, diffraction grating, optical modelling, BUTTERFLY WING SCALES, IRIDESCENCE, INTERFERENCE, DIFFRACTION, LIGHT

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Citation

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MLA
Vanthournout, Bram, et al. “Springtail Coloration at a Finer Scale : Mechanisms behind Vibrant Collembolan Metallic Colours.” JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE, vol. 18, no. 180, 2021, doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0188.
APA
Vanthournout, B., Rousaki, A., Parmentier, T., Janssens, F., Mertens, J., Vandenabeele, P., … Shawkey, M. (2021). Springtail coloration at a finer scale : mechanisms behind vibrant collembolan metallic colours. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE, 18(180). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2021.0188
Chicago author-date
Vanthournout, Bram, Anastasia Rousaki, Thomas Parmentier, Frans Janssens, Johan Mertens, Peter Vandenabeele, Liliana D’Alba Altamirano, and Matthew Shawkey. 2021. “Springtail Coloration at a Finer Scale : Mechanisms behind Vibrant Collembolan Metallic Colours.” JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE 18 (180). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2021.0188.
Chicago author-date (all authors)
Vanthournout, Bram, Anastasia Rousaki, Thomas Parmentier, Frans Janssens, Johan Mertens, Peter Vandenabeele, Liliana D’Alba Altamirano, and Matthew Shawkey. 2021. “Springtail Coloration at a Finer Scale : Mechanisms behind Vibrant Collembolan Metallic Colours.” JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE 18 (180). doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0188.
Vancouver
1.
Vanthournout B, Rousaki A, Parmentier T, Janssens F, Mertens J, Vandenabeele P, et al. Springtail coloration at a finer scale : mechanisms behind vibrant collembolan metallic colours. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE. 2021;18(180).
IEEE
[1]
B. Vanthournout et al., “Springtail coloration at a finer scale : mechanisms behind vibrant collembolan metallic colours,” JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE, vol. 18, no. 180, 2021.
@article{8741259,
  abstract     = {{The mechanisms and evolution of metallic structural colours are of both fundamental and applied interest, yet most work in arthropods has focused on derived butterflies and beetles with distinct hues. In particular, basal hexapods-groups with many scaled, metallic representatives-are currently poorly studied and controversial, with some recent studies suggesting either that thin-film (lamina thickness) or diffraction grating (longitudinal ridges, cross-ribs) elements produce these colours in early Lepidoptera and one springtail (Collembola) species. Especially the collembolan basal scale design, consisting of a single lamina and longitudinal ridges with smooth valleys lacking cross-ribs, makes them an interesting group to explore the mechanisms of metallic coloration. Using microspectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy and finite-difference time-domain optical modelling, we investigated scale colour in seven springtail species that show clear metallic coloration. Reflectance spectra are largely uniform and exhibit a broadband metallic/golden coloration with peaks in the violet/blue region. Our simulations confirm the role of the longitudinal ridges, working in conjunction with thin-film effects to produce a broadband metallic coloration. Broadband coloration occurs through spatial colour mixing, which probably results from nanoscale variation in scale thickness and ridge height and distance. These results provide crucial insights into the colour production mechanisms in a basal scale design and highlight the need for further investigation of scaled, basal arthropods.}},
  articleno    = {{20210188}},
  author       = {{Vanthournout, Bram and Rousaki, Anastasia and Parmentier, Thomas and Janssens, Frans and Mertens, Johan and Vandenabeele, Peter and D'Alba Altamirano, Liliana and Shawkey, Matthew}},
  issn         = {{1742-5689}},
  journal      = {{JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE}},
  keywords     = {{scale colour,scale structure,Collembola,thin film,diffraction grating,optical modelling,BUTTERFLY WING SCALES,IRIDESCENCE,INTERFERENCE,DIFFRACTION,LIGHT}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{180}},
  pages        = {{15}},
  title        = {{Springtail coloration at a finer scale : mechanisms behind vibrant collembolan metallic colours}},
  url          = {{http://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2021.0188}},
  volume       = {{18}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

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