Simple Equations for Cost of Premature Failure of Flexible Pavements in Low Volume Roads

The performance of low-volume roads depends mainly on layer-bearing capacity and surface properties (friction, drainability, and acoustic absorption). Furthermore, in many projects different layers are constructed by different contractors. Thus, research is needed to develop reliable contracts and acceptance criteria for pavements, taking into account a variety of characteristics and layers. The goal of the study described in this paper was twofold: (a) to set up a method (algorithm) well-grounded in logic and based on life-cycle cost analysis to derive pay adjustments (PAs), that is, penalties or bonuses, when multiple layers, qualities, or both can be defective and (b) to derive a new set of equations for the straightforward derivation of PAs from position indicators (i.e., averages) to synergistically meet practitioners' needs and allow for advanced approaches. A method based on life-cycle cost analysis and the superposition principle was formulated and applied. It can also be applied to low-volume roads (for which environmental issues can suggest the use of innovative solutions and premium surfaces, for example, porous asphalt concretes) and high-volume roads. The model presented provides a straightforward process that comes complete with a full array of equations tailored specifically for practitioners. Analyses and applications have demonstrated that the model is able to provide a solution that is well-grounded in logic, even in cases in which more layers and premium characteristics are involved.