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Zero-Boiloff Cryogenic Storage Cryocooler Integration TestDevelopments in NASA Glenn Research Center's Centaur work have led to an exciting new cryogenic storage concept being considered for future NASA space missions. With long-duration cryogenic storage, propellants will boil off because of the environmental heating of the tank. To accommodate these losses, extra propellant is required along with larger propellant tanks. Analyses of space transportation concepts show that spacetransfer cryogenic stages with the zero boiloff (ZBO) cryogenic storage concept reduce the stage mass for missions longer than approximately 45 days in low Earth orbit. The ZBO system consists of an active cryocooling system using a cryocooler in addition to traditional passive thermal insulation. Engineers at Glenn analyzed, designed, built, and bench tested a heat exchanger and integration hardware for a large-scale ZBO demonstration for the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. The heat exchanger, which transfers the heat that enters the tank from the fluid to the cryocooler, must limit the temperature difference across it to limit the cryocooler size and power requirements. With a low temperature difference, the system efficiency is improved. For that temperature difference to be reduced, the thermal conductivity must be as high as possible at liquid hydrogen temperatures, around 25 K (-248 C). In addition, it is important for the heat exchanger to be welded to a stainless steel flange and have enough strength to accommodate piping stress. High-conductivity copper was selected and fabricated, then integrated with the stainless steel piping tee as shown in the cutaway representation. Literature showed that this conductivity might range from 2 to 100 W/cm/K but that is was likely to be around 13 W/cm/K. Unexpectedly, this conductivity was measured to be 23 W/cm/K, which limited the temperature increase along the heat exchanger to just 2 K. This limited temperature increase, compared with the predicted difference of 3.5 K, improves the overall system efficiency by 7.4 percent and limits the expected integration losses to a projected 4 percent with a flight design for liquid hydrogen storage. These results improve the cryocooler integration concept by allowing the cryocooler to operate at a lower input power, or by potentially permitting a smaller cryocooler to be selected.
Document ID
20050196680
Acquisition Source
Glenn Research Center
Document Type
Other
Authors
Plachta, David W. (NASA Glenn Research Center Cleveland, OH, United States)
Date Acquired
September 7, 2013
Publication Date
March 1, 2001
Publication Information
Publication: Research and Technology 2000
Subject Category
Propellants And Fuels
Distribution Limits
Public
Copyright
Work of the US Gov. Public Use Permitted.

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