1. Understanding the causes and consequences of dispersal remains a central topic in ecology and evolution. However, a mismatch exists between our empirical understanding of the complexity of dispersal and our representation of dispersal in models. While the empirical literature is replete with examples of condition dependence at the emigration, movement and settlement phases, models rarely incorporate realism or complexity to this degree. Nor do models often include the different costs associated with dispersal, which can themselves be linked to one or more of the three key phases. 2. Here, we propose that by explicitly accounting for emigration, movement and settlement (and the multiple costs associated with each) we can substantially improve our understanding of both the dispersal process itself and how dispersal traits trade off against other life-history characteristics. We explore some of these issues conceptually, before presenting illustrative results gained from a flexible individual-based model which incorporates considerable dispersal complexity. 3. These results emphasise the nonlinear interplay between the different dispersal stages. For example, we find that investment in movement ability (at a cost to fecundity) depends upon the propensity to emigrate (and vice versa). However, owing to selection acting at the metapopulation level as well as at the individual level, the relationship between the two is not straightforward. Importantly, the shape of the trade-off between movement ability and reproductive potential can strongly influence the joint evolution of dispersal parameters controlling the degree of investment in safer movement, the probability of emigration and the straightness of movement. 4. Our results highlight that the joint evolution of dispersal characteristics can have major implications for spatial population dynamics and we argue that, in addition to increasing our fundamental biological understanding, a new generation of dispersal modelling, which exploits recent empirical advances, can substantially improve our ability to predict and manage the response of species to environmental change.
Atkins K.E., Travis J.M.J., Local adaptation and the evolution of species’ ranges under climate change, 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.07.014
Baker Mitchell B., Rao Steven, INCREMENTAL COSTS AND BENEFITS SHAPE NATAL DISPERSAL: THEORY AND EXAMPLE WITH HEMILEPISTUS REAUMURI, 10.1890/02-0507
Barbraud Christophe, Johnson Alan R., Bertault Guillaume, Phenotypic correlates of post-fledging dispersal in a population of greater flamingos: the importance of body condition, 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00695.x
Barton Kamil A., Phillips Ben L., Morales Juan M., Travis Justin M. J., The evolution of an ‘intelligent’ dispersal strategy: biased, correlated random walks in patchy landscapes, 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.16936.x
Beckerman Andrew P., Rodgers Gwendolene M., Dennis Stuart R., The reaction norm of size and age at maturity under multiple predator risk : Maturation and predation risk, 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01703.x
Bonte Dries, Hovestadt Thomas, Poethke Hans-Joachim, Evolution of dispersal polymorphism and local adaptation of dispersal distance in spatially structured landscapes, 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17943.x
Bonte, Biological Reviews
Boulinier Thierry, Danchin Etienne, The use of conspecific reproductive success for breeding patch selection in terrestrial migratory species, 10.1007/s10682-997-1507-0
Bowler Diana E., Benton Tim G., Causes and consequences of animal dispersal strategies: relating individual behaviour to spatial dynamics, 10.1017/s1464793104006645
Burton Olivia J., Phillips Ben L., Travis Justin M. J., Trade-offs and the evolution of life-histories during range expansion : Evolution during range expansion, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01505.x
Cadet Claire, Ferrière Régis, Metz Johan A. J., van Baalen Minus, The Evolution of Dispersal under Demographic Stochasticity, 10.1086/378213
Citta John J., Lindberg Mark S., NEST-SITE SELECTION OF PASSERINES: EFFECTS OF GEOGRAPHIC SCALE AND PUBLIC AND PERSONAL INFORMATION, 10.1890/06-0036.1
Clobert Jean, Le Galliard Jean-François, Cote Julien, Meylan Sandrine, Massot Manuel, Informed dispersal, heterogeneity in animal dispersal syndromes and the dynamics of spatially structured populations, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01267.x
Cohen Dan, Motro Uzi, More on Optimal Rates of Dispersal: Taking into Account the Cost of the Dispersal Mechanism, 10.1086/285002
Combes, Integrative and Comparative Biology, 50, E33 (2010)
Comins Hugh N., Hamilton William D., May Robert M., Evolutionarily stable dispersal strategies, 10.1016/0022-5193(80)90099-5
Cooke Steven J., Hinch Scott G., Crossin Glenn T., Patterson David A., English Karl K., Healey Michael C., Shrimpton J. Mark, Van Der Kraak Glen, Farrell Anthony P., MECHANISTIC BASIS OF INDIVIDUAL MORTALITY IN PACIFIC SALMON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATIONS, 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1575:mboimi]2.0.co;2
CORLETT RICHARD T., Frugivory and seed dispersal by vertebrates in the Oriental (Indomalayan) Region, 10.1017/s0006323198005234
Cote J, Clobert J, Social personalities influence natal dispersal in a lizard, 10.1098/rspb.2006.3734
DALL S, GIRALDEAU L, OLSSON O, MCNAMARA J, STEPHENS D, Information and its use by animals in evolutionary ecology, 10.1016/j.tree.2005.01.010
Danchin E., Public Information: From Nosy Neighbors to Cultural Evolution, 10.1126/science.1098254
del Mar Delgado María, Ratikainen Irja I., Kokko Hanna, Inertia: the discrepancy between individual and common good in dispersal and prospecting behaviour, 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00167.x
Delgado María del Mar, Penteriani Vincenzo, Revilla Eloy, Nams Vilis O., The effect of phenotypic traits and external cues on natal dispersal movements, 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01655.x
Desender Konjev, Backeljau Thierry, Delahaye Koen, De Meester Luc, Age and size of European saltmarshes and the population genetic consequences for ground beetles, 10.1007/s004420050474
Dufty, Dispersal, 217 (2001)
Duraiappah, Synthesis Report for the Convention on Biological Diversity. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)
Enfjäll Karin, Leimar Olof, The evolution of dispersal - the importance of information about population density and habitat characteristics, 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.16863.x
Giraldeau L.-A., Valone T. J., Templeton J. J., Potential disadvantages of using socially acquired information, 10.1098/rstb.2002.1065
Hamilton W. D., May Robert M., Dispersal in stable habitats, 10.1038/269578a0
Hanski Ilkka, Mononen Tommi, Eco-evolutionary dynamics of dispersal in spatially heterogeneous environments : Eco-evolutionary dynamics of dispersal, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01671.x
HANSKI ILKKA, SAASTAMOINEN MARJO, OVASKAINEN OTSO, Dispersal-related life-history trade-offs in a butterfly metapopulation, 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.01024.x
Heino Mikko, Hanski Ilkka, Evolution of Migration Rate in a Spatially Realistic Metapopulation Model, 10.1086/319927
Heinz Simone K., Strand Espen, Adaptive Patch Searching Strategies in Fragmented Landscapes, 10.1007/s10682-005-5378-y
Holt Robert D., Population dynamics in two-patch environments: Some anomalous consequences of an optimal habitat distribution, 10.1016/0040-5809(85)90027-9
Hovestadt Thomas, Kubisch Alexander, Poethke Hans-Joachim, Information processing in models for density-dependent emigration: A comparison, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.11.005
Hovestadt T., Messner S., Hans J. P., Evolution of reduced dispersal mortality and 'fat-tailed' dispersal kernels in autocorrelated landscapes, 10.1098/rspb.2000.1379
Imbert Eric, Ronce Ophelie, Phenotypic plasticity for dispersal ability in the seed heteromorphic Crepis sancta (Asteraceae), 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.930114.x
Ims, Dispersal, 203 (2001)
King Elizabeth G., Roff Derek A., Modeling the Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity in Resource Allocation in Wing‐Dimorphic Insects, 10.1086/652434
KINNISON MICHAEL T., HAIRSTON NELSON G., Eco-evolutionary conservation biology: contemporary evolution and the dynamics of persistence, 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01278.x
Kinnison M. T., Unwin M. J., Quinn T. P., Migratory costs and contemporary evolution of reproductive allocation in male chinook salmon, 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00631.x
Kisdi Éva, Costly dispersal can destabilize the homogeneous equilibrium of a metapopulation, 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.09.032
Lemel Jean-Yves, Belichon Sophie, Clobert Jean, Hochberg Michael E., The evolution of dispersal in a two-patch system: some consequences of differences between migrants and residents, 10.1007/s10682-997-1516-z
Merckx Thomas, Van Dyck Hans, Habitat fragmentation affects habitat-finding ability of the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria L., 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.020
Muller-Landau Helene C., Hardesty Britta Denise, Seed dispersal of woody plants in tropical forests: concepts, examples and future directions, Biotic Interactions in the Tropics ISBN:9780511541971 p.267-309, 10.1017/cbo9780511541971.012
Murrell David J., Travis Justin M. J., Dytham Calvin, The evolution of dispersal distance in spatially-structured populations, 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.970209.x
Nathan R., Getz W. M., Revilla E., Holyoak M., Kadmon R., Saltz D., Smouse P. E., A movement ecology paradigm for unifying organismal movement research, 10.1073/pnas.0800375105
Olivieri Isabelle, Gouyon Pierre-Henri, Evolution of Migration Rate and Other Traits, Metapopulation Biology (1997) ISBN:9780123234452 p.293-323, 10.1016/b978-012323445-2/50017-1
Palmer Stephen C. F., Coulon Aurélie, Travis Justin M. J., Introducing a ‘stochastic movement simulator’ for estimating habitat connectivity : Perceptual range limits habitat connectivity, 10.1111/j.2041-210x.2010.00073.x
Perrin Nicolas, Mazalov Vladimir, Local Competition, Inbreeding, and the Evolution of Sex‐Biased Dispersal, 10.1086/303296
Plaistow S. J., Lapsley C. T., Beckerman A. P., Benton T. G., Age and size at maturity: sex, environmental variability and developmental thresholds, 10.1098/rspb.2004.2682
Poethke Hans Joachim, Gros Andreas, Hovestadt Thomas, The ability of individuals to assess population density influences the evolution of emigration propensity and dispersal distance, 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.05.012
Poethke H. J., Hovestadt T., Evolution of density-and patch-size-dependent dispersal rates, 10.1098/rspb.2001.1936
Poethke Hans J., Hovestadt Thomas, Mitesser Oliver, Local Extinction and the Evolution of Dispersal Rates: Causes and Correlations, 10.1086/368224
Revilla E., Wiegand T., Individual movement behavior, matrix heterogeneity, and the dynamics of spatially structured populations, 10.1073/pnas.0801725105
Riba Miquel, Mayol Maria, Giles Barbara E., Ronce Ophélie, Imbert Eric, van der Velde Marco, Chauvet Stéphanie, Ericson Lars, Bijlsma R., Vosman Ben, Smulders M. J. M., Olivieri Isabelle, Darwin's wind hypothesis: does it work for plant dispersal in fragmented habitats?, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02948.x
Rousset F., Gandon S., Evolution of the distribution of dispersal distance under distance-dependent cost of dispersal : Evolution of dispersal distributions, 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00430.x
Ruxton Graeme D., Rohani Pejman, Fitness-dependent dispersal in metapopulations and its consequences for persistence and synchrony, 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00300.x
SRYGLEY ROBERT B., LORCH PATRICK D., SIMPSON STEPHEN J., SWORD GREGORY A., Immediate protein dietary effects on movement and the generalised immunocompetence of migrating Mormon cricketsAnabrus simplex(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01117.x
Stamps Judy, Groothuis Ton G. G., The development of animal personality: relevance, concepts and perspectives, 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00103.x
Stamps Judy A., Krishnan V. V., Reid Mary L., SEARCH COSTS AND HABITAT SELECTION BY DISPERSERS, 10.1890/04-0516
Starrfelt Jostein, Kokko Hanna, Parent‐Offspring Conflict and the Evolution of Dispersal Distance, 10.1086/648605
Stearns Stephen C., Koella Jacob C., The Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity in Life-History Traits: Predictions of Reaction Norms for Age and Size at Maturity, 10.2307/2408752
Travis J. M. J., Dytham C., Habitat persistence, habitat availability and the evolution of dispersal, 10.1098/rspb.1999.0696
Travis Justin M. J., Smith Hannah S., Ranwala Sudheera M. W., Towards a mechanistic understanding of dispersal evolution in plants: conservation implications : Evolution of dispersal in plants, 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00674.x
Travis Justin M.J., Mustin Karen, Benton Tim G., Dytham Calvin, Accelerating invasion rates result from the evolution of density-dependent dispersal, 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.03.008
WALLS SEAN S., KENWARD ROBERT E., HOLLOWAY GRAHAM J., Weather to disperse? Evidence that climatic conditions influence vertebrate dispersal : Weather to disperse?, 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00914.x
Waser Peter M., Austad Steven N., Keane Brian, When Should Animals Tolerate Inbreeding?, 10.1086/284585
Gandon Sylvain, Michalakis Yannis, Evolutionarily Stable Dispersal Rate in a Metapopulation with Extinctions and Kin Competition, 10.1006/jtbi.1999.0960
Gandon, Dispersal, 155 (2001)
Gyllenberg Mats, Metz J.A.J., On fitness in structured metapopulations, 10.1007/s002850100113
Jansen Vincent A.A., Vitalis Renaud, THE EVOLUTION OF DISPERSAL IN A LEVINS' TYPE METAPOPULATION MODEL, 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00201.x
McPeek Mark A., Holt Robert D., The Evolution of Dispersal in Spatially and Temporally Varying Environments, 10.1086/285453
Olivieri Isabelle, Michalakis Yannis, Gouyon Pierre-Henri, Metapopulation Genetics and the Evolution of Dispersal, 10.1086/285795
Roff D. A., Gelinas M. B., Phenotypic plasticity and the evolution of trade-offs: the quantitative genetics of resource allocation in the wing dimorphic cricket, Gryllus firmus, 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00480.x
Roze Denis, Rousset François, Inbreeding Depression and the Evolution of Dispersal Rates: A Multilocus Model, 10.1086/497543
Stenseth N. C., Lidicker W. Z., The study of dispersal: a conceptual guide, Animal Dispersal (1992) ISBN:9789401050333 p.5-20, 10.1007/978-94-011-2338-9_1
Travis, Justin M. J. ; Mustin, Karen ; Bartoń, Kamil A. ; Benton, Tim G. ; Clobert, Jean ; et. al. Modelling dispersal: an eco-evolutionary framework incorporating emigration, movement, settlement behaviour and the multiple costs involved. In: Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 3, no.4, p. 628-641 (2012)