Seftigen, Kristina
[Regional Climate Group, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden]
Goosse, Hugues
[UCL]
Klein, François
[UCL]
Chen, Deliang
[Regional Climate Group, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden]
The integration of climate proxy information with general circulation model (GCM) results offers considerable potential for deriving greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying climate variability, as well as unique opportunities for out-of-sample evaluations of model performance. In this study, we combine insights from a new tree-ring hydroclimate reconstruction from Scandinavia with projections from a suite of forced transient simulations of the last millennium and historical intervals from the CMIP5 and PMIP3 archives. Model simulations and proxy reconstruction data are found to broadly agree on the modes of atmospheric variability that produce droughts–pluvials in the region. Despite these dynamical similarities, large differences between simulated and reconstructed hydroclimate time series remain. We find that the GCM-simulated multi-decadal and/or longer hydroclimate variability is systematically smaller than the proxy-based estimates, whereas the dominance of GCMsimulated high-frequency components of variability is not reflected in the proxy record. Furthermore, the paleoclimate evidence indicates in-phase coherencies between regional hydroclimate and temperature on decadal timescales, i.e., sustained wet periods have often been concurrent with warm periods and vice versa. The CMIP5–PMIP3 archive suggests, however, out-of-phase coherencies between the two variables in the last millennium. The lack of adequate understanding of mechanisms linking temperature and moisture supply on longer timescales has serious implications for attribution and prediction of regional hydroclimate changes. Our findings stress the need for further paleoclimate data–model intercomparison efforts to expand our understanding of the dynamics of hydroclimate variability and change, to enhance our ability to evaluate climate models, and to provide a more comprehensive view of future drought and pluvial risks.
-
Adams, B. J., Mann, M. E., and Ammann, C. M.: Proxy evidence for an El Nino-like response to volcanic forcing, Nature, 426, 274–278, 2003.
- Adler Robert F., Gu Guojun, Wang Jian-Jian, Huffman George J., Curtis Scott, Bolvin David, Relationships between global precipitation and surface temperature on interannual and longer timescales (1979–2006), 10.1029/2008jd010536
- Allan Rob, Ansell Tara, A New Globally Complete Monthly Historical Gridded Mean Sea Level Pressure Dataset (HadSLP2): 1850–2004, 10.1175/jcli3937.1
-
Allen, M. R. and Ingram, W. J.: Constraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle, Nature, 419, 224–232, 2002.
- Anchukaitis K. J., Buckley B. M., Cook E. R., Cook B. I., D'Arrigo R. D., Ammann C. M., Influence of volcanic eruptions on the climate of the Asian monsoon region : VOLCANOES AND THE ASIAN MONSOON, 10.1029/2010gl044843
- Ault T. R., Cole J. E., St. George S., The amplitude of decadal to multidecadal variability in precipitation simulated by state-of-the-art climate models : CMIP5 DECADAL PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY, 10.1029/2012gl053424
- Ault Toby R., Cole Julia E., Overpeck Jonathan T., Pederson Gregory T., St. George Scott, Otto-Bliesner Bette, Woodhouse Connie A., Deser Clara, The Continuum of Hydroclimate Variability in Western North America during the Last Millennium, 10.1175/jcli-d-11-00732.1
- Bala G., Duffy P. B., Taylor K. E., Impact of geoengineering schemes on the global hydrological cycle, 10.1073/pnas.0711648105
- Berg Alexis, Lintner Benjamin R., Findell Kirsten, Seneviratne Sonia I., van den Hurk Bart, Ducharne Agnès, Chéruy Frédérique, Hagemann Stefan, Lawrence David M., Malyshev Sergey, Meier Arndt, Gentine Pierre, Interannual Coupling between Summertime Surface Temperature and Precipitation over Land: Processes and Implications for Climate Change*, 10.1175/jcli-d-14-00324.1
-
Björklund, J., Gunnarson, B. E., Krusic, P. J., Grudd, H., Josefsson, T., Östlund, L., and Linderholm, H. W.: Advances towards improved low-frequency tree-ring reconstructions, using an updated Pinus sylvestris L. MXD network from the Scandinavian Mountains, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 113, 697, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0787-7, 2012.
- Björklund J. A., Gunnarson B. E., Seftigen K., Esper J., Linderholm H. W., Blue intensity and density from northern Fennoscandian tree rings, exploring the potential to improve summer temperature reconstructions with earlywood information, 10.5194/cp-10-877-2014
- Briffa Keith R., Melvin Thomas M., A Closer Look at Regional Curve Standardization of Tree-Ring Records: Justification of the Need, a Warning of Some Pitfalls, and Suggested Improvements in Its Application, Dendroclimatology (2011) ISBN:9781402040108 p.113-145, 10.1007/978-1-4020-5725-0_5
- Briffa K R, Jones P D, Bartholin T S, Eckstein D, Schweingruber F H, Karlén W, Zetterberg P, Eronen M, Fennoscandian summers from ad 500: temperature changes on short and long timescales, 10.1007/bf00211153
- Iles Carley E, Hegerl Gabriele C, The global precipitation response to volcanic eruptions in the CMIP5 models, 10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/104012
- Coats Sloan, Cook Benjamin I., Smerdon Jason E., Seager Richard, North American Pancontinental Droughts in Model Simulations of the Last Millennium*, 10.1175/jcli-d-14-00634.1
-
Cook, E. R. and Krusic, P. J.: Arstan, version 2005, Tree-ring laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Obs., Palisades, NY, available at: http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/trl (last access: 17 March 2014), 2005.
-
Cook, E. R., Briffa, K. R., Meko, D., Graybill, D. A., and Funkhouser, G.: The `segment length curse' in long tree-ring chronology development for palaeoclimatic studies, Holocene, 5, 229–237, 1995.
-
Cook, E. R., Meko, D. M., Stahle, D. W., and Cleaveland, M. K.: Drought Reconstructions for the Continental United States, J. Climate, 12, 1145–1162, 1999.
- Cook E. R., Seager R., Kushnir Y., Briffa K. R., Bu ntgen U., Frank D., Krusic P. J., Tegel W., van der Schrier G., Andreu-Hayles L., Baillie M., Baittinger C., Bleicher N., Bonde N., Brown D., Carrer M., Cooper R., Cufar K., Dittmar C., Esper J., Griggs C., Gunnarson B., Gu nther B., Gutierrez E., Haneca K., Helama S., Herzig F., Heussner K.-U., Hofmann J., Janda P., Kontic R., Ko se N., Kyncl T., Levanic T., Linderholm H., Manning S., Melvin T. M., Miles D., Neuwirth B., Nicolussi K., Nola P., Panayotov M., Popa I., Rothe A., Seftigen K., Seim A., Svarva H., Svoboda M., Thun T., Timonen M., Touchan R., Trotsiuk V., Trouet V., Walder F., Wazny T., Wilson R., Zang C., Old World megadroughts and pluvials during the Common Era, 10.1126/sciadv.1500561
- Crowley T. J., Unterman M. B., Technical details concerning development of a 1200 yr proxy index for global volcanism, 10.5194/essd-5-187-2013
- D'Arrigo Rosanne, Wilson Rob, Anchukaitis Kevin J., Volcanic cooling signal in tree ring temperature records for the past millennium : VOLCANISM AND TREE RING RECORDS, 10.1002/jgrd.50692
- Drobyshev Igor, Niklasson Mats, Linderholm Hans W., Seftigen Kristina, Hickler Thomas, Eggertsson Olafur, Reconstruction of a regional drought index in southern Sweden since AD 1750, 10.1177/0959683610391312
- Dufresne J.-L., Foujols M.-A., Denvil S., Caubel A., Marti O., Aumont O., Balkanski Y., Bekki S., Bellenger H., Benshila R., Bony S., Bopp L., Braconnot P., Brockmann P., Cadule P., Cheruy F., Codron F., Cozic A., Cugnet D., de Noblet N., Duvel J.-P., Ethé C., Fairhead L., Fichefet T., Flavoni S., Friedlingstein P., Grandpeix J.-Y., Guez L., Guilyardi E., Hauglustaine D., Hourdin F., Idelkadi A., Ghattas J., Joussaume S., Kageyama M., Krinner G., Labetoulle S., Lahellec A., Lefebvre M.-P., Lefevre F., Levy C., Li Z. X., Lloyd J., Lott F., Madec G., Mancip M., Marchand M., Masson S., Meurdesoif Y., Mignot J., Musat I., Parouty S., Polcher J., Rio C., Schulz M., Swingedouw D., Szopa S., Talandier C., Terray P., Viovy N., Vuichard N., Climate change projections using the IPSL-CM5 Earth System Model: from CMIP3 to CMIP5, 10.1007/s00382-012-1636-1
-
Esper, J., Frank, D. C., Timonen, M., Zorita, E., Wilson, R. J. S., Luterbacher, J., Holzkamper, S., Fischer, N., Wagner, S., Nievergelt, D., Verstege, A., and Buntgen, U.: Orbital forcing of tree-ring data, Nat. Clim. Change, 2, 862–866, 2012.
- Esper Jan, Schneider Lea, Smerdon Jason E., Schöne Bernd R., Büntgen Ulf, Signals and memory in tree-ring width and density data, 10.1016/j.dendro.2015.07.001
- Feng Song, Hu Qi, Oglesby Robert J., Influence of Atlantic sea surface temperatures on persistent drought in North America, 10.1007/s00382-010-0835-x
- Fischer E. M., Luterbacher J., Zorita E., Tett S. F. B., Casty C., Wanner H., European climate response to tropical volcanic eruptions over the last half millennium : CLIMATE RESPONSE TO VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, 10.1029/2006gl027992
-
Frank, D. C., Esper, J., and Cook, E. R.: On variance adjustments in tree-ring chronology development, TRACE, 4, 56–66, 2006.
-
Franke, J., Frank, D., Raible, C. C., Esper, J., and Bronnimann, S.: Spectral biases in tree-ring climate proxies, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 360–364, 2013.
- Gao Chaochao, Robock Alan, Ammann Caspar, Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: An improved ice core-based index for climate models, 10.1029/2008jd010239
- Gentine Pierre, Holtslag Albert A. M., D'Andrea Fabio, Ek Michael, Surface and Atmospheric Controls on the Onset of Moist Convection over Land, 10.1175/jhm-d-12-0137.1
- Gleckler P. J., Wigley T. M. L., Santer B. D., Gregory J. M., AchutaRao K., Taylor K. E., Krakatoa's signature persists in the ocean : Volcanoes and climate, 10.1038/439675a
- Grinsted A., Moore J. C., Jevrejeva S., Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series, 10.5194/npg-11-561-2004
- Gunnarson Björn E., Linderholm Hans W., Moberg Anders, Improving a tree-ring reconstruction from west-central Scandinavia: 900 years of warm-season temperatures, 10.1007/s00382-010-0783-5
- Haarsma Reindert J., Selten Frank, Hurk Bart vd, Hazeleger Wilco, Wang Xueli, Drier Mediterranean soils due to greenhouse warming bring easterly winds over summertime central Europe, 10.1029/2008gl036617
- Harris I., Jones P.D., Osborn T.J., Lister D.H., Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations - the CRU TS3.10 Dataset : UPDATED HIGH-RESOLUTION GRIDS OF MONTHLY CLIMATIC OBSERVATIONS, 10.1002/joc.3711
-
Haurwitz, M. W. and Brier, G. W.: A Critique of the Superposed Epoch Analysis Method: Its Application to Solar–Weather Relations, Mon. Weather Rev., 109, 2074–2079, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<2074:acotse>2.0.co;2, 1981.
- Hegerl Gabriele C., Black Emily, Allan Richard P., Ingram William J., Polson Debbie, Trenberth Kevin E., Chadwick Robin S., Arkin Phillip A., Sarojini Beena Balan, Becker Andreas, Dai Aiguo, Durack Paul J., Easterling David, Fowler Hayley J., Kendon Elizabeth J., Huffman George J., Liu Chunlei, Marsh Robert, New Mark, Osborn Timothy J., Skliris Nikolaos, Stott Peter A., Vidale Pier-Luigi, Wijffels Susan E., Wilcox Laura J., Willett Kate M., Zhang Xuebin, Challenges in Quantifying Changes in the Global Water Cycle, 10.1175/bams-d-13-00212.1
-
Helama, S. and Lindholm, M.: Droughts and rainfall in south eastern Finland since AD 874, inferred from Scots pine tree-rings, Boreal Environ. Res., 8, 171–183, 2003.
- Helama Samuli, Meriläinen Jouko, Tuomenvirta Heikki, Multicentennial megadrought in northern Europe coincided with a global El Niño–Southern Oscillation drought pattern during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, 10.1130/g25329a.1
- Held Isaac M., Soden Brian J., Robust Responses of the Hydrological Cycle to Global Warming, 10.1175/jcli3990.1
- Iles Carley E., Hegerl Gabriele C., Systematic change in global patterns of streamflow following volcanic eruptions, 10.1038/ngeo2545
- Iles Carley E., Hegerl Gabriele C., Schurer Andrew P., Zhang Xuebin, The effect of volcanic eruptions on global precipitation : VOLCANOES AND PRECIPITATION, 10.1002/jgrd.50678
- Jones P. D., Lister D. H., The influence of the circulation on surface temperature and precipitation patterns over Europe, 10.5194/cp-5-259-2009
-
Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., and Briffa, K. R.: Estimating Sampling Errors in Large-Scale Temperature Averages, J. Climate, 10, 2548–2568, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<2548:eseils>2.0.co;2, 1997.
- Jones P. D, Melvin T. M., Harpham C., Grudd H., Helama S., Cool North European summers and possible links to explosive volcanic eruptions : NORTH EUROPEAN SUMMERS AND VOLCANOES, 10.1002/jgrd.50513
- Jönsson Karin, Nilsson Christer, Scots Pine (pinus sylvestrisL.) on Shingle Fields: A Dendrochronologic Reconstruction of Early Summer Precipitation in Mideast Sweden, 10.1175/2009jcli2401.1
- Jungclaus J. H., Lohmann K., Zanchettin D., Enhanced 20th-century heat transfer to the Arctic simulated in the context of climate variations over the last millennium, 10.5194/cp-10-2201-2014
- Kavvada Argyro, Ruiz-Barradas Alfredo, Nigam Sumant, AMO’s structure and climate footprint in observations and IPCC AR5 climate simulations, 10.1007/s00382-013-1712-1
- Landrum Laura, Otto-Bliesner Bette L., Wahl Eugene R., Conley Andrew, Lawrence Peter J., Rosenbloom Nan, Teng Haiyan, Last Millennium Climate and Its Variability in CCSM4, 10.1175/jcli-d-11-00326.1
- Lehner F., Joos F., Raible C. C., Mignot J., Born A., Keller K. M., Stocker T. F., Climate and carbon cycle dynamics in a CESM simulation from 850 to 2100 CE, 10.5194/esd-6-411-2015
-
Linderholm, H. W. and Molin, T.: Early nineteenth century drought in east central Sweden inferred from dendrochronological and historical archives, Clim. Res., 29, 63–72, 2005.
- Linderholm Hans W., Niklasson Mats, Molin Tina, Summer moisture variability in east central sweden since the mid‐eighteenth century recorded in tree rings, 10.1111/j.0435-3676.2004.00231.x
- Linderholm H. W., Björklund J. A., Seftigen K., Gunnarson B. E., Grudd H., Jeong J.-H., Drobyshev I., Liu Y., Dendroclimatology in Fennoscandia – from past accomplishments to future potential, 10.5194/cp-6-93-2010
- Linderholm Hans W., Björklund Jesper, Seftigen Kristina, Gunnarson Björn E., Fuentes Mauricio, Fennoscandia revisited: a spatially improved tree-ring reconstruction of summer temperatures for the last 900 years, 10.1007/s00382-014-2328-9
-
Madden, R. A. and Williams, J.: The Correlation between Temperature and Precipitation in the United States and Europe, Mon. Weather Rev., 106, 142–147, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<0142:tcbtap>2.0.co;2, 1978.
- McCarroll Danny, Loader Neil J, Jalkanen Risto, Gagen Mary H, Grudd Håkan, Gunnarson Björn E, Kirchhefer Andreas J, Friedrich Michael, Linderholm Hans W, Lindholm Markus, Boettger Tatjana, Los Sietse O, Remmele Sabine, Kononov Yuri M, Yamazaki Yasuhiro H, Young Giles HF, Zorita Eduardo, A 1200-year multiproxy record of tree growth and summer temperature at the northern pine forest limit of Europe, 10.1177/0959683612467483
- Melvin Thomas M., Briffa Keith R., A “signal-free” approach to dendroclimatic standardisation, 10.1016/j.dendro.2007.12.001
-
National Research Council: Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 1–160, 2006.
- Oglesby Robert, Feng Song, Hu Qi, Rowe Clinton, The role of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on medieval drought in North America: Synthesizing results from proxy data and climate models, 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.07.005
- Osborn T. J., Simulating the winter North Atlantic Oscillation: the roles of internal variability and greenhouse gas forcing, 10.1007/s00382-004-0405-1
- Otto-Bliesner Bette L., Brady Esther C., Fasullo John, Jahn Alexandra, Landrum Laura, Stevenson Samantha, Rosenbloom Nan, Mai Andrew, Strand Gary, Climate Variability and Change since 850 CE: An Ensemble Approach with the Community Earth System Model, 10.1175/bams-d-14-00233.1
- Sarojini Beena Balan, Stott Peter A., Black Emily, Detection and attribution of human influence on regional precipitation, 10.1038/nclimate2976
- Schmidt G. A., Jungclaus J. H., Ammann C. M., Bard E., Braconnot P., Crowley T. J., Delaygue G., Joos F., Krivova N. A., Muscheler R., Otto-Bliesner B. L., Pongratz J., Shindell D. T., Solanki S. K., Steinhilber F., Vieira L. E. A., Climate forcing reconstructions for use in PMIP simulations of the last millennium (v1.0), 10.5194/gmd-4-33-2011
- Seftigen Kristina, Linderholm Hans W., Drobyshev Igor, Niklasson Mats, Reconstructed drought variability in southeastern Sweden since the 1650s : RECONSTRUCTED DROUGHT VARIABILITY IN SOUTHEASTERN SWEDEN, 10.1002/joc.3592
- Seftigen Kristina, Björklund Jesper, Cook Edward R., Linderholm Hans W., A tree-ring field reconstruction of Fennoscandian summer hydroclimate variability for the last millennium, 10.1007/s00382-014-2191-8
- 10.1175/jcli-d-13-00734.s1
- Seneviratne Sonia I., Corti Thierry, Davin Edouard L., Hirschi Martin, Jaeger Eric B., Lehner Irene, Orlowsky Boris, Teuling Adriaan J., Investigating soil moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004
- Shindell Drew T., Dynamic winter climate response to large tropical volcanic eruptions since 1600, 10.1029/2003jd004151
-
Sigl, M., Winstrup, M., McConnell, J. R., Welten, K. C., Plunkett, G., Ludlow, F., Buntgen, U., Caffee, M., Chellman, N., Dahl-Jensen, D., Fischer, H., Kipfstuhl, S., Kostick, C., Maselli, O. J., Mekhaldi, F., Mulvaney, R., Muscheler, R., Pasteris, D. R., Pilcher, J. R., Salzer, M., Schupbach, S., Steffensen, J. P., Vinther, B. M., and Woodruff, T. E.: Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years, Nature, 523, 543–549, 2015.
- Taylor Karl E., Stouffer Ronald J., Meehl Gerald A., An Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design, 10.1175/bams-d-11-00094.1
- Thiéblemont Rémi, Matthes Katja, Omrani Nour-Eddine, Kodera Kunihiko, Hansen Felicitas, Solar forcing synchronizes decadal North Atlantic climate variability, 10.1038/ncomms9268
- Thomson D.J., Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis, 10.1109/proc.1982.12433
- Thornthwaite C. W., An Approach toward a Rational Classification of Climate, 10.2307/210739
- Tolwinski-Ward Susan E., Evans Michael N., Hughes Malcolm K., Anchukaitis Kevin J., An efficient forward model of the climate controls on interannual variation in tree-ring width, 10.1007/s00382-010-0945-5
- Trenberth KE, Changes in precipitation with climate change, 10.3354/cr00953
- van Oldenborgh Geert Jan, Van Ulden AAD, On the relationship between global warming, local warming in the Netherlands and changes in circulation in the 20th century, 10.1002/joc.966
- Vicente-Serrano Sergio M., Beguería Santiago, López-Moreno Juan I., A Multiscalar Drought Index Sensitive to Global Warming: The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, 10.1175/2009jcli2909.1
- Vicente-Serrano S. M., Gouveia C., Camarero J. J., Begueria S., Trigo R., Lopez-Moreno J. I., Azorin-Molina C., Pasho E., Lorenzo-Lacruz J., Revuelto J., Moran-Tejeda E., Sanchez-Lorenzo A., Response of vegetation to drought time-scales across global land biomes, 10.1073/pnas.1207068110
- Watanabe S., Hajima T., Sudo K., Nagashima T., Takemura T., Okajima H., Nozawa T., Kawase H., Abe M., Yokohata T., Ise T., Sato H., Kato E., Takata K., Emori S., Kawamiya M., MIROC-ESM 2010: model description and basic results of CMIP5-20c3m experiments, 10.5194/gmd-4-845-2011
-
Wigley, T. M. L., Briffa, K. R., and Jones, P. D.: On the Average Value of Correlated Time Series, with Applications in Dendroclimatology and Hydrometeorology, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 23, 201–213, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<0201:otavoc>2.0.co;2, 1984.
- Wilson Rob, Miles Dan, Loader Neil J., Melvin Tom, Cunningham Laura, Cooper Richard, Briffa Keith, A millennial long March–July precipitation reconstruction for southern-central England, 10.1007/s00382-012-1318-z
- Wilson Rob, Anchukaitis Kevin, Briffa Keith R., Büntgen Ulf, Cook Edward, D'Arrigo Rosanne, Davi Nicole, Esper Jan, Frank Dave, Gunnarson Björn, Hegerl Gabi, Helama Samuli, Klesse Stefan, Krusic Paul J., Linderholm Hans W., Myglan Vladimir, Osborn Timothy J., Rydval Miloš, Schneider Lea, Schurer Andrew, Wiles Greg, Zhang Peng, Zorita Eduardo, Last millennium northern hemisphere summer temperatures from tree rings: Part I: The long term context, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.12.005
-
Wu, P., Christidis, N., and Stott, P.: Anthropogenic impact on Earth's hydrological cycle, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 807–810, 2013.
- Wu Tongwen, Song Lianchun, Li Weiping, Wang Zaizhi, Zhang Hua, Xin Xiaoge, Zhang Yanwu, Zhang Li, Li Jianglong, Wu Fanghua, Liu Yiming, Zhang Fang, Shi Xueli, Chu Min, Zhang Jie, Fang Yongjie, Wang Fang, Lu Yixiong, Liu Xiangwen, Wei Min, Liu Qianxia, Zhou Wenyan, Dong Min, Zhao Qigeng, Ji Jinjun, Li Laurent, Zhou Mingyu, An overview of BCC climate system model development and application for climate change studies, 10.1007/s13351-014-3041-7
- Zhang Huan, Yuan Naiming, Esper Jan, Werner Johannes P, Xoplaki Elena, Büntgen Ulf, Treydte Kerstin, Luterbacher Jürg, Modified climate with long term memory in tree ring proxies, 10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/084020
-
Zhang, X., Zwiers, F. W., Hegerl, G. C., Lambert, F. H., Gillett, N. P., Solomon, S., Stott, P. A., and Nozawa, T.: Detection of human influence on twentieth-century precipitation trends, Nature, 448, 461–465, 2007.
Bibliographic reference |
Seftigen, Kristina ; Goosse, Hugues ; Klein, François ; Chen, Deliang. Hydroclimate variability in Scandinavia over the last millennium - insights from a climate model-proxy data comparison. In: Climate of the Past, Vol. 13, p. 1831-1850 (2017) |
Permanent URL |
http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/192307 |