Análisis comparativo de la sustentabilidad de dos subsistemas de invernada en diferentes sistemas de producción y pesos de terminación
Fecha
2022
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Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias-Universidad Nacional de Rosario
Resumen
En las últimas décadas se han observado cambios en la forma de producción de
los sistemas ganaderos, principalmente en las etapas de recría y engorde. Dichos
sistemas han pasado de invernadas largas de producción de novillos pesados totalmente
a base pastoril, a invernadas cortas de novillos livianos en sistemas confinados cuyo
principal destino es el consumo interno. Este proceso de modernización tecnológica
asociado a un uso intensivo de insumos, ha logrado aumentar la productividad y
rentabilidad. Sin embargo, ha generado problemas ecológico-productivos, económicos y
sociales, debido a que, si bien permite un incremento del beneficio económico obtenido,
tiene como contracara un uso progresivo de los recursos disponibles y un aumento de
los desechos generados. Se puede apreciar que hay una vacante en cuanto al análisis
comparado de la sustentabilidad de los diferentes tipos de subsistemas de producción de
novillos, es por ello que el presente trabajo se estructura en el análisis de sustentabilidad
del ciclo productivo 2018-2019, de dos subsistemas de producción de carne con
diferente grado de intensificación, tomando como caso de estudio, un establecimiento
ubicado en la localidad de Villa Eloísa, en el cual se realizan ambas actividades
ganaderas. Una de ellas, invernada liviana de encierre a corral permanente cuyo destino
es el consumo interno, considerado como un subsistema intensivo y por otro lado,
invernada pesada con destino exportación, compuesta de dos etapas, recría a campo a
base pasturas y verdeos de invierno con posterior terminación a corral, considerado
como un subsistema semi intensivo. De esta manera se pretende abordar y reflexionar
respecto de: ¿Es el subsistema de producción de novillos pesados para exportación más
sustentable que el subsistema de producción de novillitos livianos para consumo? ¿Qué
indicadores permiten analizar la sustentabilidad en estos subsistemas y cómo pueden
compararse?
Se utilizó la metodología de balance, manejo y uso de nutrientes e índice de
transferencia para evaluar la sustentabilidad ambiental y margen neto por cabeza,
porcentaje de participación de costos y análisis de sensibilidad del margen neto para
evaluar la sustentabilidad económica.
Los resultados obtenidos fueron que el subsistema de invernada pesada obtuvo
en comparación con el liviano, un desempeño más sustentable en la dimensión
económica, demostró mayor estabilidad y resiliencia ante variaciones de precios de las
principales variables que definen el ingreso neto de la actividad. A su vez analizado a
ESCALA PREDIAL, éste obtuvo un uso más eficiente de nutrientes por ende un mejor
desempeño de sustentabilidad ambiental. Sin embargo a ESCALA CORRAL, dicha
dimensión, fue indistinta a los subsistemas, mostrando altos valores de excedentes de
nutrientes para ambos, de todas maneras el subsistema pesado obtuvo valores de
excedentes de nutrientes superiores al liviano, por lo que dicha etapa, es un punto
crítico a considerar. En relación con las transferencias de nutrientes entre sectores
dentro del subsistema, demostró movimiento y concentración de nutrientes para ambos
corrales de encierre, siendo de mayor cuantía en el subsistema pesado.
Se lograron seleccionar indicadores de sustentabilidad ambientales y
económicos que permitieron un primer avance, caracterizar y diferenciar dos
subsistemas de producción de carne bovina y, a su vez, realizar un análisis comparativo
de sustentabilidad para el ciclo productivo considerado.
In recent decades, changes have been observed in the form of production of livestock systems, mainly in the rearing and fattening stages. Said systems have gone from long winters for the production of heavy steers totally on a pastoral basis to short winters for light steers in confined systems whose main destination is domestic consumption. This process of technological modernization associated with an intensive use of inputs, has managed to increase the productivity and profitability of the most technified systems. However, it has generated ecological-productive, economic and social problems, because although it allows an increase in the economic benefit obtained, its counterpart is a progressive use of available resources and an increase in waste. It can be seen that there is a vacancy in terms of the comparative analysis of the sustainability of the different types of steer production subsystems, that is why this work is structured in the sustainability analysis of the 2018-2019 productive cycle, of two subsystems of meat production with different degrees of intensification, taking as a case study, an establishment, located in the town of Villa Eloisa, in which both livestock activities are carried out. One of them, light wintering under the permanent pen enclosure system whose destination is internal consumption, considered as an intensive system and on the other hand, heavy wintering with export destination, composed of two stages, rearing in the field based on pastures and greens. of winter with later completion to corral, considered like a semi intensive system. In this way, it is intended to address and reflect on: Are the subsystems of production of heavy steers for export more sustainable than subsystems for the production of light heifers for consumption? What indicators allow us to capture sustainability in these subsystems and how can they be compared? The methodology of balance, management and use of nutrients and transfer index was used to evaluate the environmental sustainability of the subsystems and net margin per head, percentage of cost participation and sensitivity analysis of the net margin to evaluate the economic dimension. The heavy wintering subsystem obtained in comparison with the light subsystem, a more sustainable performance in the economic dimension, showed greater stability and resilience in the face of price variations of the main variables that define the net income of the activity. At the same time, PREDIAL SCALE obtained a more efficient use of nutrients, thus a better performance of environmental sustainability. However, at CORRAL SCALE, said dimension was indistinct to the subsystems, showing high values of nutrient surpluses for both, in any case the heavy subsystem obtained values of surplus nutrients higher than the light one, so this stage is a point critical to consider. In relation to the nutrient transfers between sectors within the subsystem, it demonstrated nutrient movement and concentration for both confinement pens, being higher in the heavy subsystem. It was possible to select environmental and economic sustainability indicators that allowed a first advance to characterize and differentiate two subsystems of beef production and in turn carry out a comparative sustainability analysis for the productive cycle considered.
In recent decades, changes have been observed in the form of production of livestock systems, mainly in the rearing and fattening stages. Said systems have gone from long winters for the production of heavy steers totally on a pastoral basis to short winters for light steers in confined systems whose main destination is domestic consumption. This process of technological modernization associated with an intensive use of inputs, has managed to increase the productivity and profitability of the most technified systems. However, it has generated ecological-productive, economic and social problems, because although it allows an increase in the economic benefit obtained, its counterpart is a progressive use of available resources and an increase in waste. It can be seen that there is a vacancy in terms of the comparative analysis of the sustainability of the different types of steer production subsystems, that is why this work is structured in the sustainability analysis of the 2018-2019 productive cycle, of two subsystems of meat production with different degrees of intensification, taking as a case study, an establishment, located in the town of Villa Eloisa, in which both livestock activities are carried out. One of them, light wintering under the permanent pen enclosure system whose destination is internal consumption, considered as an intensive system and on the other hand, heavy wintering with export destination, composed of two stages, rearing in the field based on pastures and greens. of winter with later completion to corral, considered like a semi intensive system. In this way, it is intended to address and reflect on: Are the subsystems of production of heavy steers for export more sustainable than subsystems for the production of light heifers for consumption? What indicators allow us to capture sustainability in these subsystems and how can they be compared? The methodology of balance, management and use of nutrients and transfer index was used to evaluate the environmental sustainability of the subsystems and net margin per head, percentage of cost participation and sensitivity analysis of the net margin to evaluate the economic dimension. The heavy wintering subsystem obtained in comparison with the light subsystem, a more sustainable performance in the economic dimension, showed greater stability and resilience in the face of price variations of the main variables that define the net income of the activity. At the same time, PREDIAL SCALE obtained a more efficient use of nutrients, thus a better performance of environmental sustainability. However, at CORRAL SCALE, said dimension was indistinct to the subsystems, showing high values of nutrient surpluses for both, in any case the heavy subsystem obtained values of surplus nutrients higher than the light one, so this stage is a point critical to consider. In relation to the nutrient transfers between sectors within the subsystem, it demonstrated nutrient movement and concentration for both confinement pens, being higher in the heavy subsystem. It was possible to select environmental and economic sustainability indicators that allowed a first advance to characterize and differentiate two subsystems of beef production and in turn carry out a comparative sustainability analysis for the productive cycle considered.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Sostenibilidad, Sustentabilidad, Sistemas de producción, Novillos, Invernada liviana, Invernada pesada, Indicadores