Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: The vast diverse products and
applications of engineered nanoparticle bioconjugates (ENPBCs) are increasing, and
thus flooding the-markets. However, the
data to support risk estimates of ENPBC are
limited. While it is important to assess the
potential benefits, acceptability and uptake,
it is equally important to understand where
ENPBCs safety is and how to expand and
affirm consumer security concerns.
METHODS: Online articles were extracted from 2013 to 2016 that pragmatically used xCELLigence realtime cell analysis (RTCA) technology to describe the in-vitro toxicity of ENPBCs. The xCELLigence
is a +noninvasive in vitro toxicity monitoring process that mimics exact continuous cellular bioresponses in real-time settings. On the other hand, articles were also extracted from 2008 to 2016
describing the in vivo animal models toxicity of ENPBCs with regards to safety outcomes.
RESULTS: Out of 32 of the 121 (26.4%) articles identified from the literature, 23 (71.9%) met the in-vitro
xCELLigence and 9(28.1%) complied with the in vivo animal model toxicity inclusion criteria. Of
the 23 articles, 4 of them (17.4%) had no size estimation of ENPBCs. The xCELLigence technology
provided information on cell interactions, viability, and proliferation process. Eighty-three (19/23)
of the in vitro xCELLigence technology studies described ENPBCs as nontoxic or partially nontoxic
materials. The in vivo animal model provided further toxicity information where 1(1/9) of the in vivo
animal model studies indicated potential animal toxicity while the remaining results recommended
ENPPCs as potential candidates for drug therapy though with limited information on toxicity.
CONCLUSION: The results showed that the bioimpacts of ENPBCs either at the in vitro or at in vivo
animal model levels are still limited due to insufficient information and data. To keep pace with
ENPBCs biomedical products and applications, in vitro, in vivo assays, clinical trials and long-term
impacts are needed to validate their usability and uptake. Besides, more real-time ENPBCs-cell impact
analyses using xCELLigence are needed to provide significant data and information for further in vivo
testing
