[en] The ADVEX project involved conducting extensive advection measurements at three sites, each with a different topography. One goal of the project was to measure the [CO2] balance under night-time conditions, in an attempt to improve NEE estimates. Four towers were arranged in a square around a main tower, with the sides of the square about 100 m long. Equipped with 16 sonic anemometers and [CO2] sampling points, the towers were installed to measure vertical and horizontal advection of [CO2]. Vertical turbulent fluxes were measured by an eddy covariance system at the top of the main tower. The results showed that horizontal advection varied greatly from site to site and from one wind sector to another, the highest values being reached when there were large friction velocities and fairly unstable conditions. There was less variation in vertical advection, the highest values being reached when there were low friction velocities and stable conditions. The night-time NEE estimates deduced from the mass balance were found to be incompatible with biologically driven fluxes because (i) they varied strongly from one wind sector to another and this variation could not be explained in terms of a response of the biologic flux to climate, (ii) their order of magnitude was not realistic and (iii) they still showed a trend vs. friction velocity. From a critical analysis of the measurement and data treatment we concluded that the causes of the problem are related to the representativeness of the measurement (control volume size, sampling resolution) or the hypotheses underlying the derivation of the [CO2] mass balance (ignoring the horizontal turbulent flux divergence). This suggests that the improvement of eddy flux measurements by developing an advection completed [CO2] mass balance at night would be practically difficult. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology
Author, co-author :
Aubinet, Marc ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Sciences et technologie de l'environnement > Physique des bio-systèmes
Feigenwinter, Christian; Université de Liège - ULiège - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech > Sciences et Technologies de l'environnement > Physique des Bio-systèmes
Heinesch, Bernard ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Sciences et technologie de l'environnement > Physique des bio-systèmes
Bernhofer, C.; TU Dresden (TUD) Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology > Meteorology
Canepa, E.; CNR-ISMAR, Genova, Italy
Lindroth, A.; University of Lund (LUND), Sweden > GeoBiosphere Science Centre, Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis
Montagnani, L.; Forest Service and Agency for the Environment Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
Rebmann, C.; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Jena, Germany
Sedlak, P.; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Prague > Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
Van Gorsel, E.; CSIRO, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Language :
English
Title :
Direct advection measurements do not help to solve the night-time CO2 closure problem: Evidence from three different forests
Acevedo O.C., Moraes O.L.L., Degrazia G.D., Fitzjarrald D.R., Manzi A.O., and Campos J.G. Is the friction velocity the most appropriate scale for correcting nocturnal carbon dioxide fluxes? Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. Agric. For. Meteor. 149 (2009) 1-10
Aubinet M., Grelle A., Ibrom A., Rannik U., Moncrieff J., Foken T., Kowalski A.S., Martin P.H., Berbigier P., Bernhofer C., Clement R., Elbers J., Granier A., Grunwald T., Morgenstern K., Pilegaard K., Rebmann C., Snijders W., Valentini R., and Vesala T. Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology. Adv. Ecol. Res. 30 (2000) 113-175
Aubinet M., Heinesch B., and Yernaux M. Horizontal and vertical CO2 advection in a sloping forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 108 (2003) 397-417
Aubinet M., Berbigier P., Bernhofer C., Cescatti A., Feigenwinter C., Granier A., Grünwald T., Havrankova K., Heinesch B., Longdoz B., Marcolla B., Montagnani L., and Sedlak P. Comparing CO2 storage and advection conditions at night at different CARBOEUROFLUX sites. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 116 (2005) 63-93
Aubinet M. Eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements in nocturnal conditions: An analysis of the problem. Ecol. Applic 18 6 (2008) 1368-1378
Baldocchi D., Finnigan J., Wilson K., Paw U.K.T., and Falge E.E. On measuring net ecosystem carbon exchange over tall vegetation on complex. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 96 (2000) 257-291
Canepa E., Feigenwinter C., Georgieva E., Manca G., and Montagnani L. Application of a mass consistent flow model to study the CO2 mass balance of forests. Agric. For. Meteorol. 150 (2010) 712-723
Falge E., Baldocchi D., Olson R., Anthoni P., Aubinet M., Bernhofer C., Burba G., Ceulemans R., Clement R., Dolman H., Granier A., Gross P., Grünwald T., Hollinger D., Jensen N.O., Katul G., Keronen P., Kowalski A., Ta Lai C., Law B., Meyers T., Moncrieff J., Moors E.J., Munger J.W., Pilegaard K., Rannik U., Rebmann C., Suyker A., Tenhunen J., Tu K., Verma S., Vesala T., Wilson K., and Wofsy S. Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange. Agric. For. Meteorol. 107 (2001) 43-69
Feigenwinter C., Bernhofer C., and Vogt R. The influence of advection on short term CO2 budget in and above a forest. Boundary-layer Meteorol. 113 (2004) 201-224
Feigenwinter C., Bernhofer C., Eichelmann U., Heinesch B., Hertel M., Janous D., Kolle O., Lagergren F., Lindroth A., Minerbi S., Moderow U., Mölder M., Montagnani L., Queck R., Rebmann C., Vestin P., Yernaux M., Zeri M., Ziegler W., and Aubinet M. Comparison of horizontal and vertical advective CO2 fluxes at three forest sites. Agric. For. Meteor. 148 (2008) 12-24
Feigenwinter C., Montagnani L., and Aubinet M. Plot-scale vertical and horizontal transport of CO2 modified by a persistent slope wind system in and above an alpine forestAgric. Forest Meteorol. 150 (2010) 665-673
Feigenwinter C., Mölder M., Lindroth A., and Aubinet M. Spatiotemporal evolution of CO2 concentration, temperature, and wind field during stable nights at the Norunda forest site. Agric. For. Meteorol. 150 (2010) 692-701
Finnigan J.J. A comment on the paper by Lee (1998): On micrometeorological observation of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation. Agric. For. Meteorol. 97 (1999) 55-64
Finnigan J., Clement R., Malhi Y., Leuning R., and Cleugh H.A. A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques. Part I: Averaging and coordinate rotation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 107 (2003) 1-48
Goulden M.L., Munger J.W., Fan S.M., Daube B.C., and Wofsy S.C. Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy. Global Change Biol. 2 (1996) 169-182
Gu L., Falge E., Boden T., Baldocchi D.D., Black T.A., Saleska S.R., Suni T., Vesala T., Wofsy S., and Xu L. Observing threshold determination for night-time eddy flux filtering. Agric. For. Meteorol. 128 (2005) 179-197
Heinesch B., Yernaux M., and Aubinet M. Some methodological questions concerning advection measurements: a case study. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 122 (2007) 457-478
Heinesch B., Yernaux M., and Aubinet M. Dependence of CO2 advection patterns on wind direction on a gentle forested slope. Biogeosciences 5 (2008) 657-668
Katterer T., Reichstein M., Andren O., and Lomander A. Temperature dependence of organic matter decomposition: A critical review using literature data analyzed with different models. Biol. Fertil. Soils 27 3 (1998) 258-262
Lee X. On micrometeorological observations of surface-air exchange over tall vegetation. Agric. For. Meteorol. 91 (1998) 39-49
Leuning R., Zegelin S.J., Jones K., Keith H., and Hughes D. Measurement of horizontal and vertical advection of CO2 within a forest canopy. Agric. For. Meteorol. 148 (2008) 1777-1797
Lindroth A., Grelle A., and Morén A.S. Long-term measurements of boreal forest carbon balance reveal large temperature sensitivity. Global Change Biol. 4 (1998) 443-450
Mammarella I., Kolari P., Rinne J., Keronen P., Pumpanen J., and Vesala T. Determining the contribution of vertical advection to the net ecosystem exchange at Hyytiala forest. Finland. Tellus, Series B 59 5 (2007) 900-909
Marcolla B., Cescatti A., Montagnani L., Manca G., Kerschbaumer G., and Minerbi S. Role of advective fluxes in the carbon balance of an alpine coniferous forest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 130 (2005) 193-206
Massman W.J., and Lee X. Eddy covariance flux corrections and uncertainties in long term studies of carbon and energy exchanges. Agric. For. Meteorol. 113 (2002) 121-144
Meyers T.P., Hall M.E., Lindberg S.E., and Kim K. Use of the modified bowen-ratio technique to measure fluxes of trace gases. Atmos. Env. 30 19 (1996) 3321-3329
Moderow U., Feigenwinter C., and Bernhofer C. Estimating the components of the sensible heat budget of a tall forest canopy in complex terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 123 (2007) 99-123
Moffat A.M., Papale D., Reichstein M., Hollinger D.Y., Richardson A.D., Barr A.G., Beckstein C., Braswell B.H., Churkina G., Desai A.R., Falge E., Gove J.H., Heimann M., Hui D.F., Jarvis A.J., Kattge J., Noormets A., and Stauch V.J. Comprehensive comparison of gap-filling techniques for eddy covariance net carbon fluxes. Agric. For. Meteorol. 147 (2007) 209-232
Montagnani L., Manca G., Canepa E., Georgieva E., Acosta M., Feigenwinter C., Janous D., Kerschbaumer G., Lindroth A., Minach L., Minerbi S., Mölder M., Pavelka M., Seufert G., Zeri M., and Ziegler W. A new mass conservation approach to the study of CO2 advection in an alpine forest. J. Geophys. Res 114 D07306 (2009) 10.1029/2008JD010650
Papale D., Reichstein M., Canfora E., Aubinet M., Bernhofer C., Longdoz B., Kutsch W., Rambal S., Valentini R., Vesala T., and Yakir D. Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation. Biogeosciences 3 (2006) 571-583
Paw U.K.T., Baldocchi D.D., Meyers T.P., and Wilson K.B. Correction of eddy-covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects and density fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 97 (2000) 487-511
Paw U.K.T., Falk M., Suchanek T.H., Ustin S.L., Chen J., Park Y.S., Winner W.E., Thomas S.C., Hsiao T.C., Shaw R.H., King T.S., Pyles R.D., Schroeder M., and Matista A.A. Carbon dioxide exchange between an old-growth forest and the atmosphere. Ecosystems 7 (2004) 513-524
Rebmann C., Zeri M., Lasslop G., Mund M., Kolle O., Schulze E.-D., and Feigenwinter C. Treatment and assessment of the CO2-exchange at a complex forest site in Thuringia-Germany. Agric. For. Meteorol. 150 (2010) 684-691
Rodeghiero M., and Cescatti A. Main determinants of forest soil respiration along an elevation/temperature gradient in the Italian Alps. Global Change Biol. 11 (2005) 1024-1041
Richardson A.D., Hollinger D.Y., Burba G.G., Davis K.J., Flanagan L.B., Katul G.G., Munger J.W., Ricciuto D.M., Stoy P.C., Suyker A.E., Verma S.B., and Wofsy S.C. A multi-site analysis of random error in tower-based measurements of carbon and energy fluxes. Agric. For. Meteor. 136 (2006) 1-18
Staebler R.M., and Fitzjarrald D.R. Observing Subcanopy CO2 Advection. Agric. For. Meteorol. 122 (2004) 139-156
Staebler R.M., and Fitzjarrald D.R. Measuring canopy structure and the kinematics of subcanopy flows in two forests. J. Appl. Meteorol. 44 (2005) 1161-1179
Su H.B., Schmid H.P., Vogel C.S., and Curtis P.S. Effects of canopy morphology and thermal stability on mean flow and turbulence statistics observed inside a mixed hardwood forest. Agric. For. Meteor. 148 (2008) 862-882
Su H.B., Schmid H.P., Grimmond C.S.B., Vogel C.S., and Curtis P.S. An assessment of vertical flux divergence of long-term eddy covariance measurements over two midwestern forest ecosystems. Agric. For. Meteor. 148 (2008) 186-205
Sun J., Burns S.P., Delany A.C., Oncley S.P., Turnipseed A., Stephens B.B., Lenschow D.H., Lemone M.A., Monson R.K., and Anderson D. CO2 transport over complex terrain. Agric. For. Meteor. 145 (2007) 1-21
Tóta J., Fitzjarrald D.R., Staebler R.M., Sakai R.K., Moraes O.M.M., Acevedo O.C., Wofsy S.C., and Manzi A. Amazon rain forest subcanopy flow and the carbon budget: Santarém LBA-ECO site. J. Geophys. Res 113 G00B02 (2008) 10.1029/2007JG000597
Van Gorsel E., Leuning R., Cleugh H.A., Keith H., and Suni T. Nocturnal carbon efflux: reconciliation of eddy covariance and chamber measurements using an alternative to the u(*)- threshold filtering technique Tellus Series B. Chem Phys Meteorol 59 (2007) 397-403
Vickers D., and Mahrt L. Contrasting mean vertical motion from tilt correction methods and mass continuity. Agric. For. Meteor. 138 (2006) 93-103
Wilczak J., Oncley S.P., and Stage S.A. Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 99 (2001) 127-150
Yi C.X., Anderson D.E., Turnipseed A.A., Burns S.P., Sparks J.P., Stannard D.I., and Monson R.K. The contribution of advective fluxes to net ecosystem exchange in a high-elevation, subalpine forest. Ecol. Applic. 18 6 (2008) 1379-1390
Zeri M., Rebmann C., Feigenwinter C., and Sedlak P. Analysis of periods with strong and coherent CO2 advection over a forested hill. Agric. For. Meteorol. 150 (2010) 674-683