Modelling relationships between birds and vegetation structure using airborne LiDAR data: a review with case studies from agricultural and woodland environments

Airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology that offers the ability to collect high horizontal sampling densities of high vertical resolution vegetation height data, over larger spatial extents than could be obtained by field survey. The influence of vegetation structure on the bird is a key mechanism underlying bird–habitat models. However, manual survey of vegetation structure becomes prohibitive in terms of time and cost if sampling needs to be of sufficient density to incorporate fine-grained heterogeneity at a landscape extent. We show that LiDAR data can help bridge the gap between grain and extent in organism–habitat models. Two examples are provided of bird–habitat models that use structural habitat information derived from airborne LiDAR data. First, it is shown that data on crop and field boundary height can be derived from LiDAR data, and so have the potential to predict the distribution of breeding Sky Larks in a farmed landscape. Secondly, LiDAR-retrieved canopy height and structural data are used to predict the breeding success of Great Tits and Blue Tits in broad-leaved woodland. LiDAR thus offers great potential for parameterizing predictive bird–habitat association models. This could be enhanced by the combination of LiDAR data with multispectral remote sensing data, which enables a wider range of habitat information to be derived, including both structural and compositional characteristics.