金代提刑司考 : 章宗朝官制改革の一側面

Abstract

The Jin 金 dynasty established its own system of administration by adopting aspects of the systems of the Liao and the Northern Song, but it relied on the Khitan and Bohai people of the former Liao dynasty and the Han people from the Yan-yun 燕雲 region, which had long been under the control of the Liao, for leadership roles from the first. The reign of Zhang-zong 章宗 marks the dividing line after which the so-called Southerners 南人, Han people, who had lived under the Northern Song, came to the fore, and it was under these circumstances the Northern Song system was adopted and further developed. The one act that most clearly characterizes the various reforms instituted during the reign of Zhang-zong is the establishment of the Judicial Commission 提刑司. Established immediately after his enthronement, the Judicial Commission combined in one office the authority for policies that had been scattered among the many offices of the Circuit Supervisors 監司 of the Northern Song, and it also exercised the powers of recommendation and removal from office throughout the various regional administrations. Most striking was its authority over educational policy; the inspection of writings, called zhao-shua 照刷, and the independent character of its subordinate Wardens 司獄 were to have a strong influence on the functions of later, Yuan-dynasty office of Surveillance Commission 提刑按察司. The decisive difference between the Jin and Yuan systems lay, however, in the question whether or not their existed a subordinate relationship to the Censorate 御史臺. The Jin Judicial Commission was established as an office independent of the Censorate, and a dual system of surveillance, with the Censorate at the center and the Judicial Commission in the provinces, operated simultaneously. Given that the Northern Song system, in which various Circuit Supervisors were directly subordinate to the emperor, was succeeded by the Yuan, with its Surveillance Commision subordinate to the Censorate, the existence of the intermediate Jin system described above cannot be overlooked. Behind the implementation of the reforms carried out in the reign of Zhang-zong, characterized by the formation of the Judicial Commission, was the intention of fortifying the authority of the emperor and controlling the traditional holders of central power such as the Khitan, Bohai, and Han peoples, as well as other members of the imperial clan. These traditional forces, who had nearly monopolized the highest ranks of the Censorate with its surveillance function prior to the reign of Zhang-zong, objected to the implementation of reforms, and there were attempts to do away with the Judicial Commission. However, with the decision to follow in the path of successive dynasties by assuming the mantle of authority of the Northern Song taken in the Discussions on the Cyclical Domination of the Power or Virtue 徳運議, the separation of the authority of regional surveillance from the Censorate with the establishment of the Judicial Commission, the foundation of Princely Establishments 王府官, and the elimination of the Bohai power holders, succession of the Liao dynasty system was rejected and the authority of traditional power holders was erased. In this manner, the decision to succeed the Northern Song taken in the Discussions on the Cyclical Domination of the Power or Virtue legitimized the various reforms of Zhang-zong that had been designed to firmly establish the authority of the emperor through the adoption of the Northern-Song system.