「孝經直解」の出版とその時代

Abstract

Kuan Yün-shih (貫雲石 (Sevinč-Qaya 小海石海涯)) is a Uighur who is known as a representative separate arias writer in the Yüan dynasty. However, contrary to expectation, it is not noted that he was a high official of the Mongolian Government and he was engaged in a cultural project which mainly dealt with Confucianism. The Hsiao-ching chih-chieh is one of the writings which shows such his another side. It was printed in the Yüan dynasty, and that it has an illustration in every pages. [Its form is as follows. The top one third is an illustration and the bottom two thirds is the body of Xiaojing (孝經) and its translation and annotation. The Hsiao-ching chih-chieh is the oldest of all printed books extant which have this form.] By the way, one of the reason why this book attracted considerable attention is strange colloquial language which is used there. This colloquial language is similar to the language of an epigraph is introduced in the Yüan tien-chang (元典章) and T'sai Mei-piao's (蔡美彪) Yüan-tai pai-hua-pei chi-lu (元代白話碑集録) that is Chinese vernacular version of the Mongolian in the so-called literal translative style. Consequently, whether this language was used only in writing or this strange language was actually spoken has been a main matter of controversy among Japanese scholars. However, such a matter is ultimately nothing but an empty theory unless we solve the fundamental question, that is, in what situation, in what standpoint, and by what group or individual the Hsiao-ching chih-chieh is published. The fact that the preface written by Kuan Yün-shih at the beginning of the Hsiao-ching chih-chieh is dated the 16th of January of 1308 suggests that the preparation of its publication was mostly done in the previous year. And the year 1307 was an important year in the political history of Mongolian empire, and in the publishing history of China. According to A History of Yüan (元史), the publication of the T'u-hsiang Hsiao-ching (圖象孝經) and the Lieh-nü-chuan t'u-hsiang (列女傳圖像) was commanded in commemoration of Ayurbarwada's ascending the Crown Prince in June. On July 19, Qaisan Qa'an gave the title of "Ta-ch'êng (大成)" to Confucius who is the originator of Confucianism. The day was also Qaisan Qa'an's birthday. In August, he gave the command to publish the Hsiao-ching which are Mongolian translations written in Uighur character and hPhags-pa script, and to distribute them to the rulers. Judging from these details, it is quite possible that the Hsiao-ching chih-chieh is also memorial publication of the nation. Besides, T'u-hsiang Hsiao-ching and the Hsiao-ching chih-chieh are linked to each other on the point that both of them are illustrated books. Moreover, judging from many data, it is probably a positive fact that Ch'ao Mêng-fu (趙孟頫) draw original pictures of illustrations in both the Hsiao-ching chih-chieh and the Lieh-nü-chuan (列女傳) which was published by Yü Shih-an (余志安) who lived in Chien-an (建安). Then, it is quite Possible that the Hsiao-ching chih-chieh and the Lieh-nü-chuan which we look today have a great deal with the T'u-hsiang Hsiao-ching and the Lieh-nü-chuan T'u-hsiang infinitely. Besides, Ch'ao Mêng-fu was a 11th direct descendant of Ch'ao K'uang-yin (趙匡胤) who founded Sung dynasty. On the other hand, Kuan Yü-shih came of the Uighur nobility. The fact that they both participated in the publication also suggest that the Hsiao-ching chih-chieh was a national publicatlon. The Hsiao-ching is a primary educational textbook. When an emperor and the Crown Prince who are not the Han Chinese study Chinese literature, they use the Hsiao-ching in translation. And in that period, even Taoism group such as Qh'üan-chên-chiao (全眞敎) and Chêng-i-chiao (正一敎) studied the Hsiao-ching as an important doctrine. And they often fraternized with high dignitaries such as Ch'ao Mêng-fu and Kuan Yün-shih. All people in the Mongolian Imperial Court expected the publication of the Hsiao-ching. And, in fact the Hsiao-ching which is introduced in Li I-yu's (李逸友) Hei-ch'êng ch'u-t'u wên-shu : Han-wên wên-shu chün (黑城出土文書漢文文書巻) and whose reference number is F43W2 is the Hsiao-ching chih-chieh written by Kuan Yün-shih. However, this is not illustrated. That is the evidence showing that the Hsiao-ching chih-chieh was propagated even into Qara-Qota. Besides, it is also an important material which holds the key to link the T'u-hsiang Hsiao-ching and the Hsiao-ching which is Mongolian translation together. The theory that the language in the Hsiao-ching chih-chieh was a common language in the northern region of China does not make sense. This is misinterpretation caused by the preconceptions that this book is not official pubiication. The book which has illustration in all pages regarded as vulgar picture book was in fact published by the nation which took the initiative. And it is an undeniable fact that Dai-ön yeke mongrol ulus published memorial publication on the occasion of emperor's enthronement and the Crown Prince's ascending. From now on, we should study other publications and literature of the Yüan period from these point of view. Moreover, we should consider the appearance of books illustrated at every pages taking account of not only the influence it had on after ages but also the history of printing of Islamic and European world.