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Origin and extent of fresh groundwater, salty paleowaters and recent saltwater intrusions in Red River flood plain aquifers, Vietnam

Origine et extension des eaux douces souterraines, eaux anciennes salées et intrusion saline récente dans la plaine d’inondation de la Rivière Rouge au Vietnam

Origen y extensión del agua subterránea dulce, paleoaguas salinas e intrusiones recientes de agua salada en los acuíferos de la planicie de inundación del Red River, Vietnam

越南红河洪积平原含水层的地下淡水,古咸水和现代海水入侵的起源和规模

Origem e extensão das águas doces subterrâneas, das paleoáguas salgadas e das intrusões marinhas recentes nos aquíferos da planície inundável do Rio Vermelho, Vietname

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Abstract

A model has been established on the origin and extent of fresh groundwater, salty paleowaters and saltwater from recent seawater intrusions in the Red River flood plain in Vietnam. This was done with geological observations, geophysical borehole logging and transient electromagnetic methods. Salt paleowater is present up to 50–75 km from the coastline, with occurrence controlled by the Holocene transgression. A density-driven leaching of salty porewater has occurred from high-permeability Holocene sediments into underlying Pleistocene deposits, whereas diffusion has dominated in low-permeability layers. In the Pleistocene aquifer, the highest content of dissolved solids is found below two intrinsic valleys with Holocene marine sediments and along the coastline. Recent intrusion of saltwater from the South China Sea is observed in shallow groundwater 35 km inland, probably a result of transport of salty water inland in rivers or leaching of paleowaters from very young near-coast marine sediments. The observed inverted salinity profile, with high saline water overlying fresher groundwater, has been formed due to the global eustatic sea-level changes during the last 8,000–9,000 years. The proposed model may therefore be applicable to other coastal aquifers, with a proper incorporation of the local geological environments.

Résumé

Un modèle a été construit afin de délimiter l’origine et l’extension des eaux douces souterraines, des eaux anciennes salées et de l’intrusion saline récente dans la plaine d’inondation de la Rivière Rouge au Vietnam. Le modèle a été réalisé à partir d’observations géologiques, de diagraphies et géophysiques de forage et des méthodes électromagnétiques en domaine transitoire. L’eau ancienne salée est présente jusqu’à 50–75 km de la côte, en relation avec la transgression Holocène. Un lessivage des eaux salées des pores contrôlé par la densité a eu lieu depuis les sédiments Holocène à forte perméabilité vers les dépôts Pléistocènes sous-jacents alors qu’une diffusion a prédominé au sein des couches de faible perméabilité. Dans l’aquifère du Pléistocène, les plus fortes teneurs en solides dissous se trouve sous deux vallées endogènes présentant dse sédiments marins holocènes et le long de la côte. L’intrusion récente d’eau de la Mer de Chine Méridionale est observée dans les eaux souterraines peu profondes jusqu’à 35 km à l’intérieur des terres, résultant probablement du transport d’eau salée dans les terres par les rivières ou du lessivage des eaux anciennes depuis les sédiments côtiers très récents. Le profil de salinité inversé observé, l’eau la plus salée surmontant l’eau douce, s’est formé lors des changements eustatiques globaux du niveau marin vers 8,000–9,000 ans. C’est pourquoi le modèle proposé peut être appliqué à d’autres aquifères côtiers avec une intégration correcte des caractéristiques géologiques locales.

Resumen

Se estableció un modelo sobre el origen y la extensión del agua subterránea dulce, de paleoaguas saladas y de aguas saladas de recientes intrusiones de agua de mar en la planicie de inundación del Red River en Vietnam. Esto fue realizado con observaciones geológicas, registros geofísicos de perforaciones y métodos electromagnéticos transitorios. Las paleoaguas saladas están presentes hasta 50–75 km desde la línea de costa, con una ocurrencia controlada por la transgresión Holocena. Una lixiviación de agua de poro salada impulsada por densidad ocurrió desde los sedimentos del Holoceno de alta permeabilidad, suprayacentes a depósitos del Pleistoceno, mientras que la difusión ha dominado en las capas de baja permeabilidad. En el acuífero Pleistoceno, el más alto contenido de sólidos disueltos se encuentra debajo de dos valles intrínsecos con sedimentos Holocenos marinos y a lo largo de la línea de costa. La intrusión reciente de agua salada del mar de China del Sur es observada en el agua subterránea somera hasta 35 km tierra adentro, probablemente como resultado del transporte del agua salada del interior en ríos o lixiviados de paleoaguas de sedimentos muy jóvenes cercanos a la costa marina. El perfil de salinidad invertida observado, con agua de alta salinidad suprayacendo el agua subterránea más dulce, ha sido formada debido a cambios eustáticos globales del nivel del mar durante los últimos 8,000–9,000 años. El modelo propuesto puede asimismo ser aplicable a otros acuíferos costeros, con la incorporación apropiada de los ambientes geológicos locales.

摘要

本文建立了一个研究越南红河洪积平原含水层中的地下淡水、古咸水和来自于现代海水入侵的咸水的起源和规模的模型。这个模型是在地质调查、地球物理测井和瞬态电磁方法的基础上建立起来的。古咸水距离海岸线约50 ~ 75 km,曾受控于全新世的海侵事件。由密度驱动的孔隙咸水的浸出从高渗透性的全新世沉积物到下伏的更新世的沉积物均有发生,而扩散作用主要发生在低渗透性的岩层中。在更新世的含水层中,最高含量的溶解固体在两个沿着海岸线并且有全新世海积物的流域中发现。在距海岸线35km的浅层地下水中发现来自中国南海的现代海水入侵的证据,这可能是海水通过河流向内陆运移或年轻的近岸海积物中古咸水的浸出导致的。所观察到的倒转的盐度剖面,即高盐水上覆于地下淡水,是由前8000–9000年的全球海平面的升降而引起的。因此,只需加入区域的地质条件,本文所提出的模型就可以应用于其他的海岸带含水层,

Resumo

Neste artigo estabelece-se um modelo sobre a origem e a extensão das águas doces subterrâneas, das paleoáguas salgadas e das águas salgadas decorrentes de intrusões marinhas recentes na planície de inundação do rio Vermelho, no Vietname. O trabalho foi desenvolvido através de observações geológicas, perfis geofísicos de furos e métodos eletromagnéticos transitórios. As paleoáguas salgadas estão presentes até 50–75 km de distância à costa, com ocorrência controlada pela transgressão do Holocénico. Ocorreu uma lixiviação da água intersticial salina, controlada pela densidade, a partir dos sedimentos do Holocénico com elevada permeabilidade, para depósitos subjacentes do Pleistocénico, sendo a difusão o fator predominante nas camadas de baixa permeabilidade. No aquífero Pleistocénico, o maior teor de sólidos dissolvidos ocorre sob dois vales com sedimentos marinhos holocénicos e ao longo da costa. A intrusão recente de água salgada a partir do Mar do Sul da China pode ser observada em águas subterrâneas pouco profundas, a 35 km da costa, provavelmente como resultado do transporte de água salgada em rios ou da lixiviação de paleoáguas de sedimentos marinhos perto da costa. O perfil de salinidade invertido observado, com águas salinas sobrejacentes às águas doces subterrâneas, foi formado devido às alterações globais eustáticas do nível do mar durante os últimos 8,000–9,000 anos. O modelo proposto pode, portanto, ser aplicável a outros aquíferos costeiros, com uma incorporação adequada dos ambientes geológicos locais.

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Acknowledgements

This work has been supported by the Danish Development Research Council (DANIDA) as part of a research capacity-building project “Water Resources Research in Vietnam”. We would like to express our gratitude to Mrs. Ha T. Nguyen from the Center for Water Resource Planning and Investigation for help in the planning of the field work and for useful discussions. The two technicians Erik V. Clausen and Per Jensen from the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland are thanked for their great help in conducting the geophysical borehole-logging programme. Finally we also acknowledge the assistance, discussions and good advice from Søren Jessen during the preparation of this manuscript, and for permission to use borehole logging data from the boreholes Q87 and Q88.

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  1. Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Dong Ngac, Tu Liem Dist, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Luu T. Tran, Nhan Q. Pham, Hung V. Vu, Long V. Tran & Hoan V. Hoang

  2. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 10 Øster Voldgade, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Flemming Larsen, Anders V. Christiansen & Klaus Hinsby

  3. Hanoi University of Science, No. 334, Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Nghi Tran

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Tran, L.T., Larsen, F., Pham, N.Q. et al. Origin and extent of fresh groundwater, salty paleowaters and recent saltwater intrusions in Red River flood plain aquifers, Vietnam. Hydrogeol J 20, 1295–1313 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0874-y

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