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An approach to hydrogeological modeling of a large system of groundwater-fed lakes and wetlands in the Nebraska Sand Hills, USA

Approche par modélisation hydrogéologique d’un vaste système de lacs et de zones humides alimentés par des eaux souterraines dans les Sand Hills du Nebraska, Etats-Unis d’Amérique

Un enfoque para la modelización hidrogeológica de un gran sistema de lagos y humedales alimentados por agua subterránea en Nebraska Sand Hills, EE UU

美国内布拉斯加州Sand Hills地区地下水补给的湖泊和湿地巨大系统的水文地质模拟方法

Uma abordagem para modelagem hidrogeológica de um amplo sistema de lagos e zonas húmidas alimentados por águas subterrâneas em Nebraska Sand Hills, EUA

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Abstract

The feasibility of a hydrogeological modeling approach to simulate several thousand shallow groundwater-fed lakes and wetlands without explicitly considering their connection with groundwater is investigated at the regional scale (~40,000 km2) through an application in the semi-arid Nebraska Sand Hills (NSH), USA. Hydraulic heads are compared to local land-surface elevations from a digital elevation model (DEM) within a geographic information system to assess locations of lakes and wetlands. The water bodies are inferred where hydraulic heads exceed, or are above a certain depth below, the land surface. Numbers of lakes and/or wetlands are determined via image cluster analysis applied to the same 30-m grid as the DEM after interpolating both simulated and estimated heads. The regional water-table map was used for groundwater model calibration, considering MODIS-based net groundwater recharge data. Resulting values of simulated total baseflow to interior streams are within 1% of observed values. Locations, areas, and numbers of simulated lakes and wetlands are compared with Landsat 2005 survey data and with areas of lakes from a 1979–1980 Landsat survey and the National Hydrography Dataset. This simplified process-based modeling approach avoids the need for field-based morphology or water-budget data from individual lakes or wetlands, or determination of lake-groundwater exchanges, yet it reproduces observed lake-wetland characteristics at regional groundwater management scales. A better understanding of the NSH hydrogeology is attained, and the approach shows promise for use in simulations of groundwater-fed lake and wetland characteristics in other large groundwater systems.

Résumé

La faisabilité d’une approche de modélisation hydrogéologique visant à simuler plusieurs milliers de lacs et zones humides alimentés par des eaux souterraines peu profondes sans prendre en considération de manière explicite leur connexion avec les eaux souterraines a été étudiée à l’échelle régionale (~40,000 km2) grâce à une application dans les Sand Hills semi-arides du Nebraska (NSH), Etats-Unis d’Amérique. Les charges hydrauliques sont comparées aux altitudes locales des surfaces terrestres à partir d’un modèle d’altitude numérique (DEM) au sein d’un système d’information géographique pour évaluer l’emplacement des lacs et des zones humides. Les plans d’eau sont déduits lorsque les charges hydrauliques dépassent, ou sont situées au-dessus d’une certaine cote sous la surface du terrain. Le nombre de lacs et/ou de zones humides est. déterminé par l’analyze de grappes d’images appliquées à la même grille de 30-m que le DEM après interpolation des charges hydrauliques simulées et estimées. La carte piézométrique régionale a été utilisée pour calibrer le modèle hydrogéologique, considérant les données de précipitations efficaces rechargeant la nappe, issues du modèle MODIS. Les valeurs résultantes du débit de base total simulé vers les cours d’eau sont à moins d’un pourcent des valeurs observées. Les emplacements, les surfaces, et le nombre des lacs et zones humides simulés sont comparés avec les relevés Landsat 2005 et avec les surfaces des lacs des relevés Landsat 1979–1980, ainsi qu’avec la base nationale de données hydrographiques. Cette approche de modélisation simplifiée basée sur les processus évite de recourir à des données morphologiques de terrain ou de bilan hydrique pour chaque lac ou zone humide, ou encore la détermination des échanges entre lace et eaux souterraines, pourtant il reproduit les caractéristiques observées des lacs et des zones humides aux échelles régionales de gestion des eaux souterraines. On obtient une meilleure compréhension de l’hydrogéologie des NSH, et l’approche se révèle prometteuse pour simuler les caractéristiques des lacs et zones humides alimentés par les eaux souterraines pour d’autres grands systèmes aquifères.

Resumen

Se investiga la viabilidad de un enfoque de modelado hidrogeológico para simular varios miles de lagos y humedales poco profundos recargados por agua subterránea sin considerar explícitamente su conexión con el agua subterránea a una escala regional (~40,000 km2) a partir de una aplicación en la región semiárida de Nebraska Sand Hills (NSH), EEUU. Las cargas hidráulicas se comparan con las elevaciones locales de la superficie del terreno a partir de un modelo de elevación digital (DEM) dentro de un sistema de información geográfica para evaluar las ubicaciones de lagos y humedales. Los cuerpos de agua se infieren cuando las cargas hidráulicas exceden, o están por encima de cierta profundidad debajo de la superficie del terreno. El número de lagos y/o humedales se determina a través de un análisis de grupos de imágenes aplicados a una misma cuadrícula de 30 m en el DEM después de interpolar tanto las cargas hidráulicas simuladas como las estimadas. El mapa regional de la capa freática se usó para la calibración del modelo de agua subterránea, considerando en una base de MODIS los datos de recarga neta de agua subterránea. Los valores resultantes del flujo de base total simulado en los cursos de agua interiores están dentro del uno por ciento de los valores observados. Las ubicaciones, áreas y números de lagos y humedales simulados se comparan con los datos de un relevamiento con Landsat 2005 y con las áreas de lagos de un relevamiento a partir de datos de Landsat de 1979–1980 y del National Hydrography Dataset. Este enfoque de modelado simplificado basado en procesos evita la necesidad de contar con morfologías de campo o datos de balance de agua de lagos o humedales individuales, o la determinación de intercambios de agua entre los lagos y el agua subterránea, además reproduce las características observadas de los humedales y de los lagos a una escala regional para las gestión del agua subterránea. Se logra una mejor comprensión de la hidrogeología en el NSH, y el enfoque muestra buenas perspectivas para el uso en simulaciones de las características de los lagos y humedales alimentados con aguas subterráneas en otros grandes sistemas de aguas subterráneas.

摘要

在美国内布拉斯加州半干旱Sand Hills地区进行了采用水文地质方法在不特意考虑湖泊和湿地与地下水关联性的情况下区域尺度(大约40,000 km2)模拟几千个浅层地下水补给的湖泊和湿地可行性研究。在地里信息系统内通过数字高程模型对水头与当地地表高程进行了对比,以评估湖泊和湿地的位置。在水头超过、或者高于地表以下一定深度的地方推断了水体。插值模拟的和估算的水头之后,通过应用到如同数字高程模型那样的相同30-m 网格的图像聚类分析确定了众多的湖泊和湿地。考虑到基于MODIS的纯地下水补给数据,利用区域水位图对地下水模型进行校正。模拟的总基流同内部河流得到的值在观测到值的百分之一以内。模拟的湖泊和湿地的位置、面积和 数量与陆地卫星2005的勘查数据、1979–1980陆地卫星勘查的湖泊面积及国家水文数据库进行了对比。这个基于简化过程的模拟方法不需要基于野外的形态学数据或各自湖泊和湿地的水平衡数据,或者不需要确定湖泊-地下水交换,仍能再现区域地下水管理尺度上观测的湖泊-湿地特征。能够更好地了解内布拉斯加州Sand Hills地区的水文地质状况,该方法显示了在其他大型地下水系统中模拟地下水补给的湖泊和湿地特征中大有希望。

Resumo

A viabilidade de uma abordagem de modelagem hidrogeológica para simular a alimentação da água subterrânea superficial em milhares de lagos e zonas húmidas sem considerar explicitamente a sua conexão com as águas subterrâneas é investigada em escala regional (~40,000 km2) através de uma aplicação na região semiárida Nebraska Sand Hills (NSH), EUA. Cargas hidráulicas são comparadas às elevações locais da superfície terrestre a partir de um modelo digital de elevação (MDE) dentro de um sistema de informação geográfica para avaliar os locais de lagos e zonas húmidas. Os corpos d’água são inferidos onde as cargas hidráulicas excedem, ou estão acima de uma certa profundidade abaixo, a superfície terrestre. O número de lagos e/ou zonas húmidas é determinado através da análise de agrupamento de imagens aplicada em mesma grade de 30 m após a interpolação das cargas simuladas e estimadas pelo MDE. O mapa regional de nível freático foi utilizado para a calibração do modelo de águas subterrâneas, considerando os dados de recarga de água subterrânea com base na rede MODIS. Os valores resultantes do fluxo de base total simulado para fluxos interiores estão dentro de um por cento dos valores observados. Os locais, as áreas e os números de lagos e de zonas húmidas simulados foram comparados com os dados da pesquisa Landsat de 2005 e com áreas de lagos a partir de uma pesquisa Landsat entre 1979–1980 e do Conjunto de Dados de Hidrografia Nacional. Essa abordagem simplificada de modelagem baseada em processos evita a necessidade de dados de morfologia baseada em campo ou de balanço hídrico de lagos ou zonas húmidas individuais, ou a determinação das trocas de águas entre lago e aquífero, ainda assim, reproduz as características observadas em lago e zonas húmidas nas escalas regionais de manejo de águas subterrâneas. Foi alcançada uma melhor compreensão da hidrogeologia de NSH, e a abordagem mostra um uso promissor de simulações das características de lagos e áreas úmidas alimentadas por águas subterrâneas em outros grandes sistemas de águas subterrâneas.

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Acknowledgements

This research was partially supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation IGERT program (DGE-0903469) and the Daugherty Water for Food Institute, Univ. of Nebraska–Lincoln. Staff of the CSD (UNL), CALMIT (UNL), and the USGS made available crucial data sources for the construction and calibration of the groundwater flow model. J. Szilagyi (CSD) provided the net groundwater recharge data set. T. Franz (UNL) provided the MATLAB script used to calculate lake and wetland numbers, and L. Howard (UNL) provided assistance with ArcGIS analyses. A. Brookfield (KGS, Univ. Kansas) consulted on the HydroGeoSphere software during early stages of this work. We also acknowledge staff of Waterloo Hydrogeologic (formerly Schlumberger Water Services) for providing technical guidance in the use of Visual MODFLOW Flex software.

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Rossman, N.R., Zlotnik, V.A. & Rowe, C.M. An approach to hydrogeological modeling of a large system of groundwater-fed lakes and wetlands in the Nebraska Sand Hills, USA. Hydrogeol J 26, 881–897 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1691-0

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