Abstract
Submarine landslide is a common marine geo-hazard that shows different motion behavior with subaerial landslide. In this study, a test apparatus is developed to reproduce the extremely long distance movement of submarine landslides at different sliding velocities. The frontal behavior of subaqueous landslide under the dynamic pressure and shear stress of ambient water is described and analyzed. The evolution of the sediment concentration during the submarine landslide propagation is investigated. With an increase of the sliding velocity, the state of soil-water mixture can be divided into three stages: 1) landslide stage, the mixture consists a water layer and a sand layer; 2) transforming stage, a turbidity current layer appears above the sand-water interface, and the sand mass decreases gradually; 3) turbidity current stage, all of the sand particles are eroded by water and the sand layer disappears. In addition, the critical velocities between each stage are defined and investigated.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bea RG (1971) How sea floor slides affect offshore structures. Oil Gas J 69(48):88–92
Chi K, Zakeri A, Hawlader B (2011) Centrifuge modeling of subaqueous and subaerial landslides impact on suspended pipelines. In Pan-Am CGS Conference. Toronto, Canada
Coulter HW, Migliaccio RR (1966) Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Valdez, Alaska. US, Geological Survey Professional Paper. 542-C: 36pp
Dai ZL, Wang F, Nakahara Y (2017) Experimental study on impact behavior of submarine landslides on communication cables. In: Workshop on world landslide forum. Springer, Cham, pp 617–622
Damuth JE, Flood RD, Kowsmann RO, Belderson RH, Gorini MA (1988) Anatomy and growth pattern of Amazon deep-sea fan as revealed by long-range side-scan sonar (GLORIA) and high-resolution seismic studies. AAPG Bull 72(8):885–911
Di Risio M, Bellotti G, Panizzo A, De Girolamo P (2009) Three-dimensional experiments on landslide generated waves at a sloping coast. Coast Eng 56(5):659–671
Dingle RV (1977) The anatomy of a large submarine slump on a sheared continental margin (SE Africa). J Geol Soc 134(3):293–310
Enet F, Grilli ST (2007) Experimental study of tsunami generation by three-dimensional rigid underwater landslides. J Waterw Port Coast Ocean Eng 133(6):442–454
Fang H, Cui P, Pei LZ, Zhou XJ (2012) Model testing on rainfall-induced landslide of loose soil in Wenchuan earthquake region. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 12(3):527–533
Fine IV, Rabinovich AB, Bornhold BD, Thomson RE, Kulikov EA (2005) The grand banks landslide-generated tsunami of November 18, 1929: preliminary analysis and numerical modeling. Mar Geol 215(1):45–57
Frey Martinez J, Cartwright J, Hall B (2005) 3D seismic interpretation of slump complexes: examples from the continental margin of Israel. Basin Res 17(1):83–108
Gee MJR, Gawthorpe RL, Friedmann JS (2005) Giant striations at the base of a submarine landslide. Mar Geol 214(1):287–294
Gee MJR, Uy HS, Warren J, Morley CK, Lambiase JJ (2007) The Brunei slide: a giant submarine landslide on the north west Borneo margin revealed by 3D seismic data. Mar Geol 246(1):9–23
Grim P (1992) Dissemination of NOAA/NOS EEZ multibeam bathymetric data. In: Lockwood M, McGregor BA (eds) 1991 Exclusive Economic Zone Symposium; Working Together in the Pacific EEZ Proceedings, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1092:102–109
Gue CS, Soga K, Bolton MD, Thusyanthan NI (2010) Centrifuge modelling of submarine landslide flows. In: Physical modelling in geotechnics-proceedings of the 7th international conference on physical modelling in geotechnics 2:1113–1118
Haflidason H, Sejrup HP, Nygård A, Mienert J, Bryn P, Lien R, Forsbergc CF, Berg K, Masson D (2004) The Storegga slide: architecture, geometry and slide development. Mar Geol 213(1):201–234
Hasegawa HS, Kanamori H (1987) Source mechanism of the magnitude 7.2 grand banks earthquake of November 1929: double couple or submarine landslide? Bull Seismol Soc Am 77(6):1984–2004
Heezen BC, Ewing M (1952) Turbidity currents and submarine slumps, and the 1929 grand banks earthquake. Am J Sci 250(12):849–873
Huvenne VA, Croker PF, Henriet JP (2002) A refreshing 3D view of an ancient sediment collapse and slope failure. Terra Nova 14(1):33–40
Ilstad T, De Blasio FV, Elverhøi A, Harbitz CB, Engvik L, Longva O, Marr JG (2004a) On the frontal dynamics and morphology of submarine debris flows. Mar Geol 213(1):481–497
Ilstad T, Marr JG, Elverhøi A, Harbitz CB (2004b) Laboratory studies of subaqueous debris flows by measurements of pore-fluid pressure and total stress. Mar Geol 213(1):403–414
Kokusho T, Takahashi T (2008) Earthquake-induced submarine landslides in view of void redistribution. In: Geotechnical engineering for disaster mitigation and rehabilitation. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 177–188
Lee HJ, Schwab WC, Booth JS (1993) Submarine landslides: an introduction. Selected Studies in the US Exclusive Economic Zone, Submarine Landslides, pp 1–1
Leynaud D, Sultan N, Mienert J (2007) The role of sedimentation rate and permeability in the slope stability of the formerly glaciated Norwegian continental margin: the Storegga slide model. Landslides 4(4):297–309
Lin ML, Wang KL (2006) Seismic slope behavior in a large-scale shaking table model test. Eng Geol 86(2):118–133
Luo XQ, Sun H, Tham LG, Junaideen SM (2010) Landslide model test system and its application on the study of Shiliushubao landslide in three gorges reservoir area. Soils Found 50(2):309–317
McAdoo BG, Watts P (2004) Tsunami hazard from submarine landslides on the Oregon continental slope. Mar Geol 203(3):235–245
McAdoo BG, Pratson LF, Orange DL (2000) Submarine landslide geomorphology, US continental slope. Mar Geol 169(1):103–136
Mohrig D, Marr JG (2003) Constraining the efficiency of turbidity current generation from submarine debris flows and slides using laboratory experiments. Mar Pet Geol 20(6):883–899
Mohrig D, Ellis C, Parker G, Whipple KX, Hondzo M (1998) Hydroplaning of subaqueous debris flows. Geol Soc Am Bull 110(3):387–394
Mohrig D, Elverhøi A, Parker G (1999) Experiments on the relative mobility of muddy subaqueous and subaerial debris flows, and their capacity to remobilize antecedent deposits. Mar Geol 154(1):117–129
Pratson LF, Coakley BJ (1996) A model for the headward erosion of submarine canyons induced by downslope-eroding sediment flows. Geol Soc Am Bull 108(2):225–234
Shanmugam G (2002) Ten turbidite myths. Earth Sci Rev 58(3):311–341
Wang KL, Lin ML (2011) Initiation and displacement of landslide induced by earthquake—a study of shaking table model slope test. Eng Geol 122(1):106–114
Wang F, Sonoyama T, Honda M (2013) Model test of submarine landslide impact forces acting on cables. In: Landslide science and practice. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 19–25
Watts P (2000) Tsunami features of solid block underwater landslides. J Waterw Port Coast Ocean Eng 126(3):144–152
Yamada Y, Yamashita Y, Yamamoto Y (2010) Submarine landslides at subduction margins: insights from physical models. Tectonophysics 484(1):156–167
Zakeri A, Høeg K, Nadim F (2008) Submarine debris flow impact on pipelines—part I: experimental investigation. Coast Eng 55(12):1209–1218
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Japanese Scientific Research Grant (No. 20310109). Kuwada Y., Honda M., Sonoyama T. and Nakahara Y. took part in some early works.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, F., Dai, Z. & Zhang, S. Experimental study on the motion behavior and mechanism of submarine landslides. Bull Eng Geol Environ 77, 1117–1126 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1143-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1143-z