Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Numerical Study on Extent of Crushed Zone Around Blasthole in Basalt Rock

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Proper understanding of the rock breakage mechanism is important in tunnelling and mining activities. The excavation design uses complex energy distribution pattern when explosion and rock-blast occurs. This paper investigates the effect of a controlled-blast in rock mass using a numerical technique. The rock material properties were determined and fitted in an advance material damage model using the finite element code LS-DYNA. This material model had three governing surfaces, each of which was dependent upon the plastic strain accumulation. The damage zones around the blast hole were categorised into crushed, seismic and elastic zones. In all the cases, the material within the close vicinity of the explosion, failed in compression, whilst the material at distance away from the explosion, failed in tension. The influence of loading rate and its impact on the fracture pattern was also studied. It was shown that the higher loading rate led to the formation of short cracks and areas with large crack densities whereas longer and definite cracks occurred when the loading rate was slow. In both the cases, the rise time was found to be more significant than the decay time. This lead to the development of a relation between the critical rise time corresponding to the maximum damage. Crack velocities were higher for quick loading rates and achieved one-half the magnitude of P-wave velocity observed on basalt rock. The results of this model were validated using the case study of a tunnel excavation in Western Ghats of Peninsular India The numerically obtained ground vibrations in the old tunnel were observed to be under the permissible limits. Likewise, the vibrations deduced in the new tunnels indicated the initiation of cracks. Notwithstanding the above, a reasonably good comparison was obtained between the measured and predicted peak particle velocities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

a, b and c:

Pressure independent functions for surface parameters

b1, b2 :

Compression and tension parameters, respectively (dimensionless)

b3 :

Softening parameter (dimensionless)

D:

Decay time

fc :

Compressive stress (MPa)

fd :

Incremental damage multiplier (dimensionless)

ft :

Tensile stress (MPa)

kd :

Incremental scalar multiplier (dimensionless)

p:

Mean stress (MPa)

P:

Pressure at time t (μs)

Pb :

Borehole pressure (MPa)

R:

Rise time

t:

Current time (μs)

UCS:

Unconfined compressive strength (MPa)

PPV:

Peak particle velocity

d:

Distance from blast hole (mm)

rf :

Rate enhancement factor (dimensionless)

εp :

Plastic strain (dimensionless)

εv :

Volumetric strain (dimensionless)

α:

Constant (dimensionless)

β:

Constant (dimensionless)

η:

User-defined function, giving location of current yield surface (dimensionless)

λ:

Plastic strain accumulation (dimensionless)

ξ:

Decay time parameter (μs)

References

  • Andrade F, Feucht M, Haufe A (2014) On the prediction of material failure in LS-DYNA: a comparison between GISSMO and DIEM. In: Proceedings of the 13th international LS-DYNA users’ conference, Detroit, pp 1–12

  • Cho SH, Kaneko K (2004) Influence of the applied pressure waveform on the dynamic fracture processes in rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41(5):771–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.02.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham CV (1987) Fragmentation estimations and the Kuz-Ram model-Four years on. In: Proceedings of 2nd international symposium on rock fragmentation by blasting, pp 475–487

  • Dhar BB, Pal RP, Singh RB (1993) Optimum blasting for Indian geo-mining conditions suggestive standard and guidelines. CMRI Publication, India

    Google Scholar 

  • Djordjevic N (1999) Two-component model of the blast fragmentation. In: Proceedings of the sixth international symposium on rock fragmentation by blasting, Johannesburg, pp 213–219

  • Esen S, Onederra I, Bilgin HA (2003) Modelling the size of the crushed zone around a blasthole. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 40(4):485–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1365-1609(03)00018-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grady DE, Kipp ME (1980) Continuum modelling of explosive fracture in oil shale. Int J Rock Mech Mining Sci Geomech Abstr 17(3):147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(80)91361-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmquist TJ, Johnson GR (2011) A computational constitutive model for glass subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high pressures. J Appl Mech 78(5):051003. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4004326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hustrulid W (1999) Blasting principles for open pit blasting. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 964–1009

    Google Scholar 

  • Hustrulid W, Bennet R, Ashland F, Lenjani M (1992) A new method for predicting the extension of the blast damaged zone. In: Proceedings of blasting conference, Nitro Nobel, pp 15–16

  • Jain P, Naithani AK, Singh TN (2014) Performance characteristics of tunnel boring machine in basalt and pyroclastic rocks of Deccan traps—a case study. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 6(1):36–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2013.11.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Juneja A, Endait M (2017) Laboratory measurement of elastic waves in Basalt rock. Measurement 103:217–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.02.040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanchibotla SS, Valery W, Morrell S (1999) Modelling fines in blast fragmentation and its impact on crushing and grinding. In: Explo ‘99—a conference on rock breaking, The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Kalgoorlie, Australia, vol 199, pp 137–144

  • Kexin D (1995) Maintenance of roadways in soft rocks by destress blasting of roadway-rib. Int J Rock Mech Mining Sci Geomech Abstr 8(32):410A. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(95)99768-s (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Khadri SF, Subbarao KV, Hooper PR, Walsh JN (1988) Stratigraphy of Thakurvadi formation, western Deccan basalt province, India. Deccan flood basalts. Geol Soc Ind Mem 10:281–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurguzov VD (2016) Selection of finite-element mesh parameters in modeling the growth of hydraulic fracturing cracks. J Appl Mech Tech Phys 57(7):1198–1207. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0021894416070087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langefors U, Kihlström B (1963) The modern technique of rock blasting. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Malvar LJ, Crawford JE, Wesevich JW, Simons DA (1997) Plasticity concrete material model for DYNA3D. Int J Impact Eng 19(9–10):847–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0734-743x(97)00023-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ouchterlony F (1997) Prediction of crack lengths in rock after cautious blasting with zero inter-hole delay. Fragblast 1(4):417–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/13855149709408407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramulu M, Chakraborty AK, Sitharam TG (2009) Damage assessment of basaltic rock mass due to repeated blasting in a railway tunnelling project—a case study. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 24(2):208–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randers-Pehrson G, Bannister KA (1997) Airblast loading model for DYNA2D and DYNA3D. Army Research Lab Aberdeen Proving Ground Md https://doi.org/10.21236/ada383226

  • Saharan MR, Mitri HS (2008) Numerical procedure for dynamic simulation of discrete fractures due to blasting. Rock Mech Rock Eng 41(5):641–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-007-0136-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchidrian JA, Segarra P, Lopez LM (2007) Energy components in rock blasting. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 44(1):130–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.05.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwer LE, Malvar LJ (2005) Simplified concrete modeling with* MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_REL3. JRI LS-Dyna user week, pp 49–60

  • Senuk VM (1979) The impulse from an explosion, and conditions for its greater utilization in crushing hard rock masses in blasting. Sov Min 15(1):22–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02499637

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siskind DE (2000) Vibrations from blasting. In: International society of explosive engineers

  • Szuladzinski G (2009) Formulas for mechanical and structural shock and impact. CRC Press, Boca Raton. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420065572

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou HW, Zuo JP, Xue DJ, Xie H, Liu JF (2012) Depth-dependent mechanical parameters of basalt: an experimental study. True Triaxial Test Rocks 4:351–361. https://doi.org/10.1201/b12705

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu Z, Xie H, Mohanty B (2008) Numerical investigation of blasting-induced damage in cylindrical rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 45(2):111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.04.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The second author would like to acknowledge the financial support from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB) in the form of research scholarships.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India

    Ashish Juneja & Partha Pinaki

Authors
  1. Ashish Juneja
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Partha Pinaki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ashish Juneja.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Juneja, A., Pinaki, P. A Numerical Study on Extent of Crushed Zone Around Blasthole in Basalt Rock. Geotech Geol Eng 37, 1283–1296 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0685-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0685-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation