Abstract
The southern Peru and northern Chile coastal region is an active subduction zone that contains one of the most significant seismic gaps in the eastern Pacific basin (~ 17°S–~ 24°S). Although the gap was partially filled by the 2014 Mw 8.1 Iquique earthquake, there is still a high seismogenic potential to release a Mw ~ 9 earthquake in the near future; therefore, all the near-field coastal cities in the region face a latent tsunami threat. In this article, we propose a hybrid deterministic–stochastic multi-scenario approach to assess the current tsunami hazard level in the city of Iquique, an important commercial and industrial center of northern Chile that is home to 184,000 inhabitants. In our approach, we defined 400 stochastic, 10 deterministic and 10 homogeneous tsunamigenic earthquake scenarios, covering the entire area of the seismic gap. Based on the regional distribution of gravity anomalies and published interseismic coupling distributions, we interpreted the occurrence of four major asperities in the subduction interface of the seismic gap. The asperity pattern was used to construct a group of deterministic slip-deficit earthquake sources with seismic magnitudes ranging between Mw 8.4 and Mw 8.9. Additionally, we constructed 10 homogeneous slip scenarios to generate an inundation baseline for the tsunami hazard. Subsequently, following a stochastic scheme, we implemented a Karhunen–Loève expansion to generate 400 stochastic earthquake scenarios within the same magnitude range as the deterministic slip-deficit sources. All sources were used as earthquake scenarios to simulate the tsunami propagation and inundation by means of a non-hydrostatic model (Neowave 2D) with a classical nesting scheme for the city of Iquique. We obtained high-resolution data for flow depth, coastal surface currents and sea level elevation. The results suggest that the peak slip location and shelf resonance play an important role in the calculated coastal flow depths. The analysis of the entire set of simulated stochastic earthquake scenarios indicates that the worst-case scenario for Iquique is a Mw 8.9 earthquake. This scenario presented a tsunami arrival time of ~ 12 min, which is critical for the evacuation process. In addition, the maximum wave height and tsunami flow depth were found to be ~ 10 m and ~ 24 m, respectively. The observed coastal resonance processes exhibit at least three destructive tsunami wave trains. Based on historical and instrumental catalog statistics, the recurrence time of the credible worst-case earthquake scenario for Iquique (Mw 8.9) is 395 years, with a probability of occurrence of ~ 11.86% in the next 50 years.
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Acknowledgements
This research has been funded by a Ph.D. scholarship awarded by Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, and the CONICYT FONDAP Program through Grant No. 1511017. We acknowledge the National Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy for providing the local topography and bathymetric database used in the tsunami simulations. LIDAR high-resolution topography for Iquique was acquired through the JICA-JST SATREPS tsunami collaboration project, “Enhancement of Technology to Develop Tsunami-Resilient Community,” between Chile and Japan. Global bathymetry data were extracted from GEBCO (http://www.gebco.net). Intensive tsunami modeling was supported by the supercomputing infrastructure of the National Laboratory for High Performance Computing (NLHPC/ECM-02) and the technical support of Mr. Diego Urrutia (Department of System and Computation Engineering, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta). We are thankful to Dr. Gonzalo Yáñez (Engineering School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago) for introducing the trench-parallel gravity anomaly (TPGA) methodology. Our acknowledgements to Dr. Roberto Benavente (Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción) and Mr. Alejandro Urrutia (Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management) for the valuable and fruitful comments. N. Zamora has been funded by the Fondecyt No. 3170895. Research funding for M.N. Shrivastava was provided by Fondecyt No. 3160773.
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González, J., González, G., Aránguiz, R. et al. A hybrid deterministic and stochastic approach for tsunami hazard assessment in Iquique, Chile. Nat Hazards 100, 231–254 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03809-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03809-8