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Delineation of protection zones for springs in fractured volcanic media considering land use and climate change scenarios in central Mexico region

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Abstract

Delineating spring protection zones is key to managing groundwater. This work presents a proposal for delineating spring protection zones (SPZs) that uses hydrogeological, topographical, land use, and climate characteristics as a basis to protect springs located in fractured volcanic media from potential contamination processes. This was accomplished through five stages: (1) identification of hydrogeological characteristics of the environments in which springs are located and physicochemical properties of water, (2) delineation of spring potential catchment zones, (3) estimation of spring recharge zones in the potential catchment zones, (4) SPZ proposal based on annual recharge analysis for each spring, and (5) projection of future land use and climate change scenarios. The result was a proposal of three typically established zones for protecting springs: SPZ1 was defined by a 50-m radius around springs, SPZ2 was delineated based on spring annual recharge zone estimate, and SPZ3 was considered the remainder of potential catchment zone. By delineating these zones, more suitable protection measures can be identified based on trends in land use and climate changes, measures which would thereby aid in sustainable use of these types of springs.

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source protection zoning (PCZ: potential catchment zone, RZ: recharge zone, SPZs: spring protection zones)

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Data availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

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Acknowledgements

This work was conducted with the support of a grant provided by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, km 14.5, CP 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México

    Sonia López Valle, José L. Expósito Castillo, María V. Esteller Alberich & Miguel A. Gómez Albores

  2. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Alcaldía Benito Juárez, C.P. 03940, Ciudad de México, México

    Jorge Paredes Tavares

  3. CATEDRA CONACYT-Escuela Superior de Ciencias de La Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Ex Hacienda San Juan Bautista s/n Taxco el Viejo, CP 40323, Taxco de Alarcón, GRO, Mexico

    Juan M. Esquivel

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  1. Sonia López Valle
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Valle, S.L., Castillo, J.L.E., Alberich, M.V.E. et al. Delineation of protection zones for springs in fractured volcanic media considering land use and climate change scenarios in central Mexico region. Environ Earth Sci 80, 366 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09662-y

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