Research paperSurface geochemical techniques in gemstone exploration at the Rockland Ruby Mine, Mangare area, SE Kenya
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Heavy and light marker minerals around the East African Rift System (EARS) with special reference to the evolution of Zanzibar Island, Tanzania
2021, Journal of African Earth SciencesCitation Excerpt :In nature, the “worst enemy” for Al2O3 to form corundum in primary deposits is silica which in almost all environments is present in excess and consequently fosters the formation of alumo-silicates such as sillimanite, kyanite or staurolite all of which are minor constituents in the HM suites. This silica deficiency and the lack of chromophores account for the rarity of precious corundum modifications despite their extraordinary hardness (Levitski and Sims, 1997; Dill, 2018). "Limonite", the main constituent of ferricretes is often accompanied by another duricrust abundant in aluminum oxide hydrates such as boehmite and gibbsite called bauxite (Aleva, 1981; Bardossy and Aleva, 1990).
The "chessboard" classification scheme of mineral deposits: Mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium
2010, Earth-Science ReviewsCitation Excerpt :In distal skarns, scheelite is also associated with fluorite (Riba De Alva Mine, NE Portugal) or with an extensive Pb–Zn mineralization, locally, containing rare minerals such as armenite, e.g., in the fluorite-bearing Pb–Zn skarn deposit at Su Zurfuru, Sardinia — Italy (Fig. 30.01a–b). Levresse et al. (2006) investigated the fluorite-bearing skarns in close contact with rhyolite intrusives in N Mexico and demonstrated that MVT and skarn deposits genetically may only be two different sides of the same coin. The fluorite trace-element patterns from both the El Pilote skarn and La Encantada MVT deposits, Mexico, display comparable and very low relative abundances as well as comparable chondrite-normalized REE patterns; this would suggest that the skarn F-source comes from the remobilization of a MVT fluorite manto.
Separating natural and synthetic rubies on the basis of trace-element chemistry
1998, Gems and Gemology