Comparing interglacials in eastern Australia: A multi-proxy investigation of a new sedimentary record

doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106750

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volume 252, 15 January 2021, 106750

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106750 Get rights and content

Highlights

•
New lacustrine sedimentary record for eastern Australia that encompasses the last glacial cycle.
•
Evidence in the record of wet conditions linked to last two interglacials.
•
Multi-proxy investigation of environmental conditions across the last glacial cycle.
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Novel investigations of soil organic matter (SOM) disentangling decomposition and environmental signatures.
•
Robust chronological record identifying large depositional hiatus during MIS 4 and 3.

Abstract

The widespread formation of organic rich sediments in south-east Australia during the Holocene (Marine Isotope Stage [MIS] 1) reflects the return of wetter and warmer climates following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Yet, little is known about whether a similar event occurred in the region during the previous interglacial (MIS 5e). A 6.8 m sediment core (#LC2) from the now ephemeral Lake Couridjah, Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area, Australia, provides insight into this question. Organic rich sediments associated with both MIS 1 and 5e are identified using ¹⁴C and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating techniques. Also apparent are less organic sedimentary units representing MIS 6, 5d and 2 and a large depositional hiatus. Sediment δ¹³C values (−34 to −26‰) suggests that C₃ vegetation dominates the organic matter source through the entire sequence. The pollen record highlights the prevalence of sclerophyll trees and shrubs, with local hydrological changes driving variations in the abundance of aquatic and lake-margin species. The upper Holocene sediment (0–1.7 m) is rich in organic matter, including high concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC; 20–40%), fine charcoal and macrophyte remains. These sediments are also characterised by a large proportion of epiphytic diatoms and a substantial biogenic component (chironomids and midges). These attributes, combined with low δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values, and C:N ratios of approximately 20, indicate a stable peat system in a swamp like setting, under the modern/Holocene climate. In comparison, the lower organic rich unit (MIS 5e-d) has less TOC (5–10%), is relatively higher in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N, and is devoid of macrophyte remains and biogenic material. Characterisation of the organic matter pool using ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy identified a strong decomposition signal in the MIS 5e organic sediments relative to MIS 1. Thus the observed shifts in δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N and C:N data between the two periods reflects changes in the organic matter pool, driven by decompositional processes, rather than environmental conditions. Despite this, high proportions of aquatic pollen taxa and planktonic diatoms in the MIS 5e–d deposits, and their absence in the Holocene indicates that last interglacial Lake Couridjah was deeper and, or, had more permanent water, than the current one.

Section snippets

Author contributions

Matt Forbes: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Visualisation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Tim Cohen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Visualisation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Project Admistration, Funding acquisition, Supervision. Zenobia Jacobs: Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing – review & editing, Visualisation, Project

Geomorphology and geology

The 4.85 km² Thirlmere Lakes catchment (34°13′S; 150°13′E), located approximately 100 km south-west of Sydney, New South Wales (Fig. 1A), forms part of the Hawkesbury- Nepean catchment inside the GBMWHA. The five lakes sit within an abandoned river valley, yet occupy a regional topographic high at 300 m AHD (Timms, 1992; Black et al., 2006). The catchment lithology consists of the fluvially-derived Hawkesbury Sandstone that overlies, at depth, the sedimentary rocks of the Triassic Narrabeen

Materials and methods

An overview of the methodology is provided in the following sections, with more detailed descriptions outlined in the Supplementary Information.

Stratigraphic description

The main distinguishing characteristics of the LC2 sedimentary sequence, including grain size, bulk density, water content, LOI, TOC and C:N ratios are presented in Fig. 3. These were used to define six major depositional units through the 6.8 m core. In general, LC2 (Fig. 3) is characterised by 3.2 m of weakly bedded silts and fine sands (Units 1–3), overlain by a distinctive 30 cm orange oxidised medium sand to coarse silt with mottles and small angular quartz grains (Unit 4), and capped by

Pre-last interglacial

In the LC2 core the oldest OSL age of 146 ± 9.5 (CABAH 354) at 6.65 m implies Unit 1 represents part of the penultimate glacial period (MIS 6). At Lake Couridjah, the pollen is dominated by Casuarinaceae implying a relatively dry environment, with enriched δ¹³C (−26‰) and δ¹⁵N (>5‰) OM values supporting this interpretation. Low TOC (<4%) and sedimentation rates (with an up-fining sequence from coarse to medium sands) suggests overall low inputs of biomass and clastic sediments. The diatom flora

Conclusion

Our palaeoenvironmental reconstruction based on the sediments of Lake Couridjah incorporates regional climate change and local geomorphologic and organic geochemical processes. Episodes of sedimentation preserved in the sequence relate to the current and last interglacial (MIS 1 and MIS 5e) and part of the last glacial periods (MIS 2 and 6). As the Lake Couridjah record preserves the last peak interglacial (MIS 5e) it potentially serves as an analogue for future, warmer climate in the Sydney

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

Special gratitude goes to the Friends of Thirlmere Lakes and the Dharawal peoples who are the first custodians of the Woolyungah Country for support for research in the catchment. Great thanks to Michael Bird and Rainy Comley at James Cook University, Cairns for help with hypy preparation and analysis, and to Jeff Baldock and Janine McGowan at the Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, South Australia for assistance with ¹³C-NMR and MIR machine time, sample

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Comparing interglacials in eastern Australia: A multi-proxy investigation of a new sedimentary record

Highlights

Abstract

Section snippets

Author contributions

Geomorphology and geology

Materials and methods

Stratigraphic description

Pre-last interglacial

Conclusion

Declaration of competing interest

Acknowledgements

Quat. Sci. Rev.

Quat. Geochronol.

Quat. Sci. Rev.

Quat. Geochronol.

Quat. Sci. Rev.

Radiat. Meas.

Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.

Quat. Sci. Rev.

Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol.

Quat. Res.

Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.

Quat. Int.

Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.

Quat. Int.

Geochim. et. Cosmochim. Acta.

Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.

Quat. Sci. Rev.

Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.

Geoderma

Earth Sci. Rev.

Quat. Sci. Rev.

Quat. Geochronol.

Quat. Int.

Appl. Geochem.

Quat. Sci. Rev.

Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.

Org. Geochem.

Quat. Sci. Rev.

Radiat. Meas.

Chem. Geol.

Geomorphology

Quat. Int.

Thirlmere Lakes; A Degraded Environment or an Environment Sensitive to Natural Hydroclimate Variability

Global patterns of the isotopic composition of soil and plant nitrogen

Global Biogeochem. Cycles

Chemistry of carbon decomposition processes in forests as revealed by solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance

Aspects of the chemical structure of soil organic materials as revealed by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy

Biogeochemistry (Dordr.)

Quantifying the allocation of soil organic carbon to biologically significant fractions

Soil Res.

Measurement of soil organic matter turnover using 13C natural abundance

Site- related δ13C of tree leaves and soil organic matter in a temperate forest

Ecol.

Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world

Eur. J. Soil Sci.

’Diatoms

’Diatoms as indicators of surface-water acidity

Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process

Bayesian Analysis

The fire, human and climate nexus in the Sydney Basin, eastern Australia

Holocene

Climate Statistics for Australian Locations

Congruence between environmental parameters, morphology and genetic structure in Australia’s most widely distributed eucalypt, Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Tree Genet. Genomes

Development of southern hemisphere subtropical wetland (Welsby Lagoon, south-east Queensland, Australia) through the last glacial cycle

Quat. Sci. Rev.

The rapid determination of charcoal from wetland sediments using infrared spectroscopy

Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.

A 38,000 year history of the vegetation at penrith lakes, New South Wales

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.

Aspects of the chemical structure of soil organic materials as revealed by solid-state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy

Measurement of soil organic matter turnover using ¹³C natural abundance

Site- related δ¹³C of tree leaves and soil organic matter in a temperate forest