Genetic Type and Sedimentary Geological Significance of Cretaceous Glauconite in Oriente Basin, Ecuador
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摘要: 厄瓜多尔奥连特盆地白垩系Napo组UT段发育一套分布广泛的富含海绿石的硅质碎屑岩，针对海绿石的岩相、矿物学、地球化学及时空属性进行分析，可以揭示海绿石的组分、成熟度、形成及成因类型，结合地质约束有助于理解其形成的沉积地质意义.利用偏光显微镜、X射线衍射、电子探针及Qemscan对海绿石矿物的岩相、矿物组成和主量元素进行系统地分析.暗绿色、呈弯曲玫瑰花状的海绿石具有高的K2O含量(平均值为8%，质量百分比)，是形成于海相低沉积速率环境的高演化成熟型海绿石云母矿物或狭义范畴的海绿石.化学组分和时空属性揭示研究层段的海绿石经历了一定程度风暴流和/或潮汐流作用的搬运改造，属于层内准原地海绿石.UT段海绿石含量向上的增大趋势和成熟度的变化，以及横向上从盆地东部斜坡区埋深2~3 km到西部盆缘露头区相距约120 km的海绿石在形态和化学成分上具有相似性，指示其主要是层内准原地海绿石的特点.UT段垂向上海绿石含量增大的趋势同时反映外陆棚物源区原地海绿石向岸方向的短距离迁移，反映了相对海平面持续上升的海进过程；而且同时期海绿石平面上的广泛分布指示沉积时期的环境属于构造稳定的陆表海.Abstract: Glauconitic sandstones in Napo UT Member of Cretaceous developed widely in the Oriente Basin, Ecuador. Petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical, and spatial and temporal investigations of glauconite can reveal its composition, maturity, formation and genetic types, which, together with geological constraints, can better the understanding of the significance of sedimentary geology. Using the microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) and Qemscan, petrography, mineral composition and major elements were analyzed systematically. Glauconite in UT Member shows dark green and curved rosette-like nanostructure and has high K2O content (8 wt%), indicating it evolved to highly evolved and formed at low sedimentation rate in marine environment. Chemical composition and spatial and temporal attributes of glauconite reveal its characteristics of intrasequential (parautochthonous) glaucony, and indicate as well that it has undergone transport of storm surges and/or tidal currents processes. All evidences, including upward increasement of glauconite content, maturity variation, and similarity of morphology and chemical composition between samples from the outcrop and within the basin, indicate characteristics of parautochthonous glaucony. Upward increasement of glauconite content also suggests that the parautochthonous glauconite formed in the outer shelf shifted landward, indicating the relative sea-level rise during the marine transgressive setting. Widespread distribution of contemporaneous/para-contemporaneous glauconites usually represents the epeiric sea environment with stable tectonic setting.
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Key words:
- glauconite /
- mineralogy /
- geochemistry /
- sedimentary geology /
- Oriente basin
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图 2 研究层段沉积序列、10个海绿石砂岩样品在3口探井中的采样位置与K2O含量以及海绿石含量
Fig. 2. Sedimentary sequence, 10 samples location, K2O content and glauconite content of glauconitic sandstones in three exploration wells
图 3 海绿石砂岩岩石矿物学特征
Gl.海绿石；Qz.石英；Sd.菱铁矿；Gb.页理化海绿石；Ca.钙质胶结；Ro.残余油；a和c~f为单偏光显微照片；b是对应于a的正交偏光照片
Fig. 3. Petrological and mineralogical features of glauconitic sandstones
图 4 扫描电镜(SEM)下海绿石矿物的微观形貌特征
Fig. 4. Morphological characteristics of glauconite minerals under scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
图 5 Qemscan矿物分析测试结果
Fig. 5. Mineralogical characteristics of glauconitic sandstone using Qemscan 650 instrument
图 6 单颗海绿石不同部位电子探针(EPMA)测试位置及结果
a、b分别为单偏光显微照片和背散射电子像照片原始图；c、b指示测试点位置，后者进一步标注了不同点的K2O测试结果及Odin(1988)估计的不同成熟度海绿石对应的演化时限
Fig. 6. Results of single glauconite with different test locations using electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA)
图 7 不同氧化物含量和层间阳离子关系
a.SiO2与K2O关系；b.全铁Fe2O3*与K2O关系；c.Al2O3与K2O关系；d.全铁Fe*与ⅥAl关系
Fig. 7. Relationship between oxide contents and interlayer cations
图 8 层间阳离子含量与全铁Fe2O3*含量的关系
长箭头表示两个矿物族范围内从蒙皂石型到云母型粘土矿物的演化.海绿石的含铁量并不随层间阳离子数量的增加而增加
Fig. 8. Relationship between interlayer cation and total Fe2O3*
图 9 4M+/Si与Fe*/八面体阳离子总和的关系
其中M+表示层间阳离子之和，Fe*表示全铁Fe3+
Fig. 9. Relationship between 4M+/Si and Fe*/sum of octahedral cations
图 10 海绿石矿物的垂向分布特征
a、c分别为MN01井UT段下部含少量海绿石砂岩段岩心照片及其素描图；b、d分别为MN01井UT段上部含丰富海绿石砂岩段岩心照片及其素描图
Fig. 10. Vertical distribution of glauconite in glauconitic sandstones
图 11 含海绿石砂岩发育与分布示意
TST.海进体系域；SB.层序边界；TS.海进面；MFS.最大海泛面
Fig. 11. Schematic of formation and distribution of glauconitic sandstone
表 1 海绿石化过程成因模式汇总
Table 1. Interpretation models of glauconitization
参考文献 Galliher(1935) Takahashi(1939) Burst(1958)Hower(1961) Odin and Matter(1981)Odin(1988) Казаков(1982) 海绿石化成因过程 黑云母或铁云母作为母体衍生而来 胶状二氧化硅沉淀后，经二氧化硅的水化作用和碱的后续吸收作用而形成 提出一种退化的层状格架矿物吸收钾和铁的层状晶格理论(layer lattice theory) 原始物质包括碳酸盐颗粒、泥质粪粒、有孔虫介壳充填物、各类矿物颗粒与岩屑, 海绿石化作用是通过底层孔隙中的自形雏晶重新自生长并伴随底层的逐渐蚀变和交代完成的, 即绿色化(verdissement)模式 在海洋沉积作用中，尤其是在成岩作用中，于有利的地化环境下，形成铁、铝、硅、钾金属有机络合物和水合络合物，大体上决定了海绿石的形成 
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表 2 海绿石颗粒X射线衍射(XRD)矿物测成分试结果
Table 2. Results of clay mineral components of glauconite using X-ray diffraction (XRD)
样品编号 粘土含量 相对粘土含量 蒙皂石 伊蒙混层(I/S) 伊利石与云母 高岭石 绿泥石 I/S膨胀性 蒙皂石 伊蒙混层(I/S) 伊利石与云母 高岭石 绿泥石 1-4 0 9 21 0 1 40 0 29 69 0 2 2-1 0 4 8 0 0 30 0 34 66 0 0 2-12 0 6 10 0 0 35 0 36 64 0 0
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表 3 海绿石颗粒电子探针(EPMA)元素定量分析结果(质量百分比)
Table 3. Analytical results of glauconite using electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA)
样品编号 M09 SJ01 MN01 露头区 GS1-1 GS1-2 GS1-3 GS1-4 GS1-5 GS2-1 GS2-2 GS2-3 GS3-1 GS3-2 OT-1 OT-2 SiO2 48.96 46.01 47.46 45.88 45.83 46.26 46.40 45.79 47.16 46.04 43.01 45.84 TiO2 0.26 0.30 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.26 0.21 0.22 Al2O3 16.87 16.07 15.45 15.78 18.10 16.68 17.25 16.38 17.68 19.82 16.10 15.47 Fe2O3* 23.20 24.27 25.29 25.42 24.52 23.84 24.50 25.32 24.39 22.38 27.07 24.80 MgO 3.55 3.56 3.91 3.43 3.48 3.81 3.81 4.14 3.46 3.35 4.08 4.08 CaO 0.44 0.48 0.32 0.26 0.57 0.39 0.42 0.47 0.28 0.32 0.87 0.39 Na2O 0.52 0.38 K2O 6.72 9.09 7.47 8.71 7.24 8.76 7.40 7.66 6.74 7.84 8.67 9.20 Si apfu 3.27 3.16 3.22 3.16 3.11 3.16 3.15 3.13 3.18 3.11 3.00 3.16 Ti 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 ⅣAl 0.73 0.84 0.78 0.84 0.89 0.84 0.85 0.87 0.82 0.89 1.00 0.84 Fe* 1.17 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.25 1.23 1.25 1.30 1.24 1.14 1.42 1.29 Mg 0.35 0.36 0.40 0.35 0.35 0.39 0.39 0.42 0.35 0.34 0.42 0.42 ⅥAl 0.61 0.46 0.46 0.43 0.56 0.50 0.53 0.45 0.58 0.68 0.32 0.41 ΣⅥM 2.13 2.08 2.15 2.10 2.16 2.12 2.16 2.17 2.16 2.15 2.16 2.12 Ca 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.03 Na 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 K 0.57 0.79 0.65 0.76 0.63 0.77 0.64 0.67 0.58 0.67 0.77 0.81 ΣⅫA 0.61 0.85 0.67 0.82 0.67 0.79 0.67 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.84 0.84
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