Assistance at parturition of primiparous, two-year-old, Angus heifers and the effect of liveweight gain of heifers in early pregnancy on birth weight of the calf : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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2009
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Massey University
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Abstract
A simulation showed that calving heifers for the first time at two compared with three years of age increased profitability of a beef breeding herd; however, profitability of calving two-year-old heifers was dependent on the incidence of assistance at parturition. The predominant cause of dystocia (and hence assistance at parturition) in beef breeding heifers is feto-maternal disproportion. This condition could be alleviated by reducing birth weight of calves relative to live weight of heifers. In a survey of farmers, 20% of those currently calving heifers at three years of age indicated that if the need for assistance at parturition was eliminated, they would calve their heifers at two years of age. In two surveys conducted of the same farmers in consecutive years, mean incidence of assistance at parturition in primiparous, two-year-old heifers was 7.0% and 9.5%, and reached 100% in some herds. Mortality rate by four weeks postpartum was 30% for assisted calves and 11% for assisted heifers. Methods of reducing the need for assistance at parturition in primiparous, two-year-old, beef breeding heifers would be of value to the beef cattle industry in New Zealand. The objective of this research was to identify whether manipulation of liveweight gain of primiparous, two-year-old, Angus heifers in the first trimester of pregnancy could be used to regulate birth weight of calves, and to identify factors contributing to the need for assistance at parturition. Three experiments were conducted in which heifers were fed for various rates of liveweight gain: 1. moderate versus low for the first trimester of pregnancy; 2. a 2 x 2 factorial experiment in which liveweight gain was 1220 high versus moderate for ten days prior to insemination, and moderate versus a loss for the first trimester of pregnancy; 3. high and moderate, moderate and a loss, or moderate and moderate for days 0-42 and 42-90 of pregnancy, respectively. Birth weight of calves was not affected by treatment in experiments 1 and 3. In experiment 2, birth weight of the calf relative to live weight of the heifer was least in the high-then-low treatment, but subsequent live weight of those calves was also less, partially negating any potential benefits to production. An additional experiment revealed similar fetal weight at the end of the first trimester for heifers that had moderate or low liveweight gain from 21 days prior to conception. Probability of assistance at parturition increased with birth weight of the calf and decreased with increased live weight of the heifer. Body dimensions of calves did not affect the likelihood of assistance. Assistance had no effect on subsequent performance of surviving animals. Manipulation of liveweight gain of heifers in the first trimester of pregnancy did not offer a means of reliably regulating birth weight of calves; however, the impact of assistance at calving did not justify delaying first calving until three years of age. Birth weight and assistance at calving can currently be best managed through selection of appropriate service sires for primiparous heifers.
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This thesis comprises several chapters that have been published.
Hickson, R. E., Morris, S. T., Kenyon, P. R., & Lopez-Villalobos, N. (2006). Dystocia in beef heifers: A review of genetic and nutritional influences. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 54(6), 256-264.
The definitive version is available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00480169.2006.36708 Copyright: Taylor and Francis
Hickson, R. E., Anderson, W. J., Kenyon, P. R., Lopez-Villalobos, N., & Morris, S. T. (2008). A survey of beef cattle farmers in New Zealand, examining management practices of primiparous breeding heifers. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 56(4), 176-183. The definitive version is available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00480169.2008.36831 Copyright: Taylor and Francis
Hickson, R. E., Kenyon, P. R., Lopez-Villalobos, N., & Morris, S. T. (2009). Effects of liveweight gain of 15-month-old Angus heifers during the first trimester of pregnancy on liveweight and milk intake of their calves. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 52(1), 39-46. The definitive version is available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00288230909510487
Copyright: Taylor and Francis
Hickson, R. E., Lopez-Villalobos, N., Kenyon, P. R., & Morris, S. T. (2009). Effect of liveweight gain of pregnant 15-month-old Angus heifers on the milk intake of their first calves and the liveweight of their first and second calves. Animal Production Science, 49(2), 112-120. The definitive version is available at http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=EA08175 Copyright: CSIRO
Hickson, R. E., Kenyon, P. R., Lopez-Villalobos, N., & Morris, S. T. (2008). Effects of liveweight gain during pregnancy of 15-month-old Angus heifers on dystocia and birth weight, body dimensions, estimated milk intake and weaning weight of the calves. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 51(2), 171-180. The definitive version is available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00288230809510445 Copyright: Taylor and Francis
Hickson, R. E., Kenyon, P. R., Lopez-Villalobos, N., & Morris, S. T. (2009). Size of foetuses and placentae from primiparous, 15-month-old, angus heifers fed for moderate or low liveweight gain for 21 days prior to insemination and for the first trimester of pregnancy. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 52(1), 31-37. The definitive version is available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00288230909510486
Copyright: Taylor and Francis
Hickson, R. E., Lopez-Villalobos, N., Kenyon, P. R., & Morris, S. T. (2008). Duration of parturition and frequency of abdominal contractions in primiparous, 2-year-old Angus heifers and the relevance of body dimensions of calves to dystocia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 48(7), 935-939.The definitive version is available at http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=EA08002 Copyright: CSIRO
Hickson, R. E., Kenyon, P. R., Lopez-Villalobos, N., & Morris, S. T. (2009). Maternal plasma oestrone sulphate concentration prior to parturition in relation to birth weight of the calf in primiparous, 2-year-old, Angus heifers. Animal Reproduction Science, 114(1-3), 301-305. The definitive version is available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378432008004132 Copyright: Elsevier
Keywords
Beef cattle, Heifers, Calf growth, Angus cattle