Gingerenone A, A Polyphenol Present in Ginger, Attenuates Monocyte-Endothelial Adhesion by Suppressing Phosphorylation of I Kappa B Kinase (IKK)

Abstract

In early stage of atherosclerosis, monocyte binds to endothelial layer, which causes inflammation in aorta. To prevent development of atherosclerosis, it is significant to inhibit the early pathogenesis. Ginger has been reported to have potent chemotherapeutic effects in cardiovascular diseases

however, many previous studies have focused on some specific compounds and mechanisms of action responsible remain unclear. Here, I analyzed major five ginger-derived compounds, and found that gingerenone A exhibited the strongest inhibitory effects against monocyte-endothelial adhesion. Furthermore, gingerenone A significantly suppressed expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), key mediators in regulation of monocytic interaction to endothelial cells. Immunoblot analysis revealed that gingerenone A inhibited phosphorylation of I Kappa B Kinase (IKK) in nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) signaling, a major pathway related to vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis as well. Taken together, the results of present study demonstrate that gingerenone A attenuates monocyte adhesion and adhesion molecules expression in endothelial cells by suppressing phosphorylation of IKK.