Szklane żetony z okresu wpływów rzymskich z terenu Polski. Analiza archeologiczno-archeometryczna.
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Date
2019
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Glass counters from the Roman Iron Age in the territory of Poland. Archaeological-archaeometric analysis.
Abstract
Celem pracy było poszerzenie wiedzy na temat szklanych żetonów znajdowanych na terenie Polski w kontekście stanowisk kultury przeworskiej, wielbarskiej i luboszyckiej. Praca ta łączy w sobie podejście archeologiczne i archeometryczne. Szklane żetony znane są z 44 lub 45 stanowisk archeologicznych w Polsce, głównie cmentarzysk. Datowane są od fazy B1 do D (od I do IV w. n.e.). Łącznie, na Polskich stanowiskach archeologicznych odnaleziono 386 lub 390 szklanych żetonów. Szklane pionki omówione zostały w ramach trzech płaszczyzn: koloru, wielkości i metody produkcji. Najczęściej spotykanym kolorem szklanych żetonów był czarny a natomiast drugim biały. Większość posiada średnicę powyżej 15 mm, co klasyfikuje je jako duże. Metodę produkcji udało się ustalić dla 202 egzemplarzy. Na potrzeby pracy, 47 żetonów szklanych zostało wytypowanych do badań archeometrycznych. Każdy kolor składowy pionka został przebadany. Analizy archeometryczne zostały przeprowadzone za pomocą LA-ICP-MS. Szkło z przebadanych żetonów należało do grupy szkieł sodowo-wapniowo-krzemowych. Większość została wytopiona za pomocą natronu przy czym jego różne typy zostały wykorzystane jako baza. W badanym zbiorze znalazło się kilka szkieł wytopionych za pomocą popiołu roślin halofitowych. Określono również barwniki i zmętniacze wykorzystane do bawienia szkła.
The aim of this study was to extend the knowledge of Roman glass counters found in Poland at the sites of Przeworsk, Wielbark and Luboszyce Cultures. This work combines both archaeological and archaeomeric investigations. The glass counters are known from 44 or 45 archaeological sites in Poland, mostly from the funerary context. They are dated from phase B1 to phase D (from the 1st to the 4th century A.D). In total, 386 or 390 glass counters were discovered in the Polish archaeological sites. Three attributes have been selected to analyse the glass counters from the archaeological perspective: colour, size and production method. The most common colour among the monochrome glass counters was black followed by opaque white. The majority of them have the diameter above 15mm which classifies them as large. The production method was determined only for 202 glass counters. In this study 47 glass counters were selected for the archaeometric analysis. Each colour within the counter was examined. The chemical analysis was conducted by LA-ICP-MS. All the analysed counters were silica-soda-lime glasses. The majority of them were produced with natron as a flux but the different natron base glass was used to obtain the colour. Some plant ash glasses were also recognised within the assemblage. The opacifiers and colorants used to colour the glass were also determined.
The aim of this study was to extend the knowledge of Roman glass counters found in Poland at the sites of Przeworsk, Wielbark and Luboszyce Cultures. This work combines both archaeological and archaeomeric investigations. The glass counters are known from 44 or 45 archaeological sites in Poland, mostly from the funerary context. They are dated from phase B1 to phase D (from the 1st to the 4th century A.D). In total, 386 or 390 glass counters were discovered in the Polish archaeological sites. Three attributes have been selected to analyse the glass counters from the archaeological perspective: colour, size and production method. The most common colour among the monochrome glass counters was black followed by opaque white. The majority of them have the diameter above 15mm which classifies them as large. The production method was determined only for 202 glass counters. In this study 47 glass counters were selected for the archaeometric analysis. Each colour within the counter was examined. The chemical analysis was conducted by LA-ICP-MS. All the analysed counters were silica-soda-lime glasses. The majority of them were produced with natron as a flux but the different natron base glass was used to obtain the colour. Some plant ash glasses were also recognised within the assemblage. The opacifiers and colorants used to colour the glass were also determined.
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Keywords
żetony szklane, okres wpływów rzymskich, LA-ICP-MS, archeometria, szkło rzymskie, Glass counters, Roman Iron Age, archaeometry