公共行政在治理過程（process of governance）中應該居於何種地位與扮演什麼角色？其是否完全與政治無關，而且不負任何社會公義之價值議題的倡導責任？它應該如同市場取向的行政學者所言──追求小政府（minimal government），還是應該竭盡所能地回應社會的需求？公共行政人員應該著重專業技術，還是倫理思考？一九八○年代初期，六位美國維吉尼亞多元理工學院暨州立大學（Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University）的學者，有感於當時的行政學術之發展似乎無法釐清前述的課題，而新公共行政（New Public Administration）的主張並未能在實務上發揮作用，又鑑於當時一股貶責官僚（bureaucracy bashing）之風盛行。是以，他（她）們撰寫了一篇名為〈公共行政與治理過程：轉變政治對話〉（Public Administration and the Governance Process: Shifting the Political Dialogue）的文章。因為維吉尼亞州立大學的所在地名為黑堡，故該文亦被學者簡稱為黑堡宣言（Blacksburg Manifesto）。黑堡宣言試圖針對前述課題，提出一些規範性的主張，俾以解決當代公共行政所遭遇的學術與實務的雙重困境。該宣言認為重建公共行政在治理過程中的正當性，乃是化解危機的核心。
本論文研究的範圍不限於黑堡宣言一文，而是該宣言首席撰寫者Gary L. Wamsley所稱之黑堡觀點（Blacksburg Perspective）。所謂黑堡觀點，乃是以黑堡宣言為主軸，所發展出來的一系列的論述（discourse）。換言之，就是在黑堡宣言提出重建公共行政（refounding public administration）之主張後，陸續衍生的一些相關研究以及其中所提出的觀念。本論文希望探究：黑堡觀點針對上述課題所提供的論述為何？進而藉由認識論（epistemology）的分析，瞭解它立於何種哲學基礎之上，俾以達成所宣稱的境界？同時，也希望能夠檢視黑堡觀點本身的限制所在，提供後續相關研究的思考線索。最後，作者更嘗試提出一些補充性的見解，希望能在學術上有所貢獻。
基於上述的研究動機和目的，本論文的各章的鋪陳內容如下：
第一章緒論，說明本論文的研究動機與目的、基本概念界定、研究主題以及方法；
第二章黑堡觀點的內涵，將探討黑堡觀點在美國行政學術中的定位及其思想淵源，並還原黑堡宣言一文的重要主張，進而以黑堡觀點反思傳統的行政理論和新公共管理；
第三章黑堡觀點的認識論之分析，則分別探討其所蘊含的結構主義與後結構主義之色彩，進而提出前述兩種思維是否能夠共存的見解；
第四章民主行政的實踐，則是根據第二、三章的論述為基礎，進一步耙梳黑堡觀點之下的民主行政之內涵，包括公共行政參與治理的正當性、公共利益、公共對話、公民意識、公共行政人員等課題；
第五章結論，以前述的民主行政之實踐意涵，歸納黑堡點的特色及其在公共行政理念上的影響，並指出其理論的內在弔詭。然後，對照我國行政實務，試舉例說明黑堡觀點的啟發。最後，指出本論文的研究限制以及作者對後續研究的建議。
本論文的特色在於，超越相關的研究，針對黑堡觀點的認識論進行分析，此實為一種開創性的研究。抑有進者，作者認為本論文應能夠產生如后的貢獻：
第一，提供不同於時下流行之管理途徑的觀點，刺激學界思索其它的研究途徑；
第二，為後續有興趣於此一途徑的研究者，奠定初步的基礎，至少本論文在理論耙梳和認識論的分析方面，應該有所助益；
第三，作者提出對於黑堡觀點之內在弔詭的反省，以及從實務的角度思考黑堡觀點的實踐意涵，希望能夠做為後續研究的線索和方向。

This thesis concerned about the legitimacy of public administration in the process of governance. Since administrative management and behavioralism rise the efficiency became the subject matter in public administration. However, Blacksburg Manifesto reminds us the public administration can not be equal with management and efficiency are not public administration''s only value. So, the author of this thesis is interested in Blacksburg Perspective''s refounding public administration.
This study includes Blacksburg Perspective''s discourse about public administration and these discourses'' epistemology. Firstly, the author summarizes Blacksburg Manifesto and induces characters of the Manifesto. Secondly, he criticizes traditional public management and new public management bases on the Blacksburg Perspective. Thirdly, to analyze the epistemology of Blacksburg Perspective includes structuralism and poststructuralism. Fourthly, this study introduces the implications of democratic public administration of Blacksburg Perspective. Fifthly, the author bases on Blacksburg Perspective rethink administrative practice in his country. Finally, to examine theoretical paradoxes of Blacksburg Perspective.
The Author hopes this study is helpful for students are interested in this relative field about democratic public administration and by this thesis we can think about how to refound the legitimacy of public administration in process of governance.

第一章 緒 論‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧1
第一節 研究動機‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧1
第二節 研究目的‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧3
第三節 基本概念的界定‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧4
第四節 研究主題與方法‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧16
第二章 黑堡觀點的內涵‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧23
第一節 黑堡觀點的興起及其與新公共行政的關係‧‧‧25
第二節 黑堡宣言的主張‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧44
第三節 以黑堡觀點反思傳統的行政理論‧‧‧‧‧‧‧61
第四節 以黑堡觀點反思新公共管理‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧83
第三章 黑堡觀點的認識論之分析‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧117
第一節 黑堡觀點的結構主義色彩‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧118
第二節 黑堡觀點的後結構主義傾向‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧151
第三節 結構主義與後結構主義的共容性之探討‧‧‧‧187
第四章 黑堡觀點之民主行政的實踐‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧197
第一節 公共行政參與治理的正當性‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧198
第二節 公共利益‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧218
第三節 公共對話‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧251
第四節 公民意識‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧275
第五節 公共行政人員‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧293
第五章 結 論‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧317
第一節 黑堡觀點的特色及其影響‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧317
第二節 黑堡觀點的內在弔詭與限制‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧326
第三節 黑堡觀點對我國行政實務的啟發‧‧‧‧‧‧‧334
第四節 本論文的研究限制與對後續研究的建議‧‧‧‧355
參考資料‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧361

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廖仁義譯
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劉北成譯
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1994《臨床醫學的誕生》，台北：時報文化。
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1991《社會世界的現象學》，台北：桂冠圖書。
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1993《社會學的基本概念》，台北：遠流出版。
顧忠華
1994《韋伯學說新探》，台北：唐山出版。
顧淑馨譯P. Kennedy著
1993《創世紀》，台北：天下文化。
（二）期刊與研討會論文
沈清松
1993〈從現代到後現代〉，《哲學雜誌》，第4期，4-25頁。
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汪明輝
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1999〈建構社區美學：邁向台灣集體記憶之空間美學〉，文建會主辦「1999社區美學研討會」，地點：台北。
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1995〈公共行政與人文主義的回顧及反省〉，《中國行政評論》，第4卷，第2期，37-68頁。
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1993〈後結構主義與差異哲學〉，《哲學雜誌》，第4期，42-49頁。
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1998 〈我國政府再造推動計畫的政策弔詭：SWOT的分析架構〉，國立台灣大學政治系主辦「行政現代化：兩岸學術研討會」宣讀論文。地點：台北台灣大學法學院國際會議廳。
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1993〈權力、意志與詮釋：尼采的透視主義與後現代思想〉，《哲學雜誌》，，第4期，26-41頁。
陳金貴
1990〈從兩次明瑙布魯克會議看美國公共行政學的發展〉，《美國月刊》，第4卷第9期，110-117頁。
許立一
1995a〈文官行政中立：困境的檢視與概念的新詮〉，《行政學報》，第26期，31-48頁。
1995b〈從公共選擇途徑論全民健保保費政策之制定〉，《中國行政評論》，第5卷，第1期，131-152頁。
1997a 〈現代主義與後現代主義的辯證：功能論之認識論的反思〉，《公共行政學報》（國立政治大學公共行政系），第1期，175-197頁。
1997b 〈後現代主義對公共行政之意涵：理論意象的評估〉，《行政學報》（國立中興大學公共行政系出版），第28期，149-199頁。
1998 〈後現代主義對組織分析之意涵〉，《行政學報》（國立中興大學公共行政系出版），第29期，315-343頁。
1999 〈官僚制的後現代解構〉，國立政治大學主辦「國立政治大學八十七學年度研究生研究成發表會」宣讀論文。地點：台北政治大學。
1999 〈官僚制之理念的探討：組織的解構與重構〉，《公共行政學報》（國立政治大學公共行政系出版），第3期，301-316頁。
1999 〈公共行政的後現代危機及其解決：兼論行政改革之ReGo模型的限制〉，中民國公共行政學會主辦「海峽兩岸行政管理學術研討會」宣讀論文，地點：上海上海大學行政管理系。
1999 〈後現代主義與公共行政：理論與實務的反思〉，《行政暨政策學報》（國立中興大學公共行政系出版），第1期，219-266頁。
彭文賢
1999〈邁向後現代組織理論？〉，《中國行政評論》，第8卷，第4期，63-82
頁。
蔡錚雲
1993〈後現代的哲學論述是如何可能的？德里達對胡塞爾現象學的解構〉，《哲學雜誌》，第4期，50-67頁。
（三）報紙
中時晚報
2001/3/22「去年５２０後簡任以上高級文官異動狀況表」（圖表統計），2版。
2001/05/17「挑戰死神陳老師等嘸肝剩二天生命」，6版。
中國時報
2001/2/26「官僚機制港星澳效率亞洲之冠」，2版。
2001/3/22「撤換事務官張揆不否認」，3版。
2001/3/23「在野黨：政務官無能才是問題」，4版。
2001/5/22「陳希聖案衛署同意專案特准接受五親等捐肝」，6版。
2001/5/24「器官捐贈與移植的省思」，15版。
台灣日報
2000/12/13「軍公教暫緩調薪具有減緩經濟危機的指標意義」，2版。
2001/3/31「舊官僚包圍民進黨無外交」，4版。
民生報
2000/12/14「軍公教共體時艱？」，2版。
2001/3/23「文官體系立院質詢焦點」，A4版。
2001/5/19「誰殺了大學講師」，A9版。
2001/5/19「台大著手三親等外活體配對」，A9版。
民眾日報
2000/12/13「共體時艱」，3版。
2000/12/15「頭家日子難過公僕何妨共體時艱」，2版。
自由時報
2000/12/15「縮編緩加薪救競爭力」，15版。
2001/3/23「林豐正：勿因顏色不同就亂換人」，4版。
李慶雄
2001/3/22「當舊官僚成了新政府眼中的廢物冗員」，聯合報，15版。
林端
2000/12/27「無能的新官僚更可怕」，聯合晚報，2版。
金恆煒
2000/12/14「緩薪案民進黨提出有理」，台灣日報，4版。
勁報
2000/12/12「DPP時機、動機很可議」，N2版。
黃一峰
2001/5/15「學者：文官消極造成寂靜危機」（專訪），聯合晚報，4版。
黃昭順
2001/3/23「全是文官體系的錯嗎」，中央日報，19版。
黃爾璇
2001/3/4「政院切莫淪為舊官僚的傀儡」，台灣日報，3版。
曾家倫
2000/10/24「失業率VS.公務員加薪」，民眾日報，3版。
經濟日報
2000/12/13「如意算盤未必如意」，4版。
衛民
2000/10/25「公僕難為別再讓公僕難過」，聯合報，15版。
聯合報
2001/5/18「陳希聖罹猛爆性肝炎輔大講師等肝救命」，6版。
2001/5/19「礙於法律難換肝立委為病人請命盼先以行政命令放寬捐肝者條件」，6版。
聯合晚報
2000/12/12「要刮別人薪水先刮自己的」，3版。
2000/12/13「公務員薪事」（圖表統計），2版。
2001/3/22 「周伯倫：行政院長都換人難道文官不能動」，2版。
（四）古籍
毛文銓（清雍正四年正月初四日）
網頁「奏報請撫臺灣生番摺」，刊載於http://www.sinica.edu.tw/~pingpu/library/
fulltext/npmdatabase/yun021.htm。
吳承恩（明代）
網頁《西遊記》，刊載於http://www.angelibrary.com/oldies/xiyouji/
xiyouji.html。
佛教經典
網頁《大乘遍照光明藏無字法門經》，刊載於http://www.a-mita.com.tw/
libe/hung_a_l_70.html。
網頁《達摩血脈論》，刊載於http://mail.ht.net.tw/~yoga/d6.htm。
網頁《達摩無心論》，刊載於http://mail.ht.net.tw/~yoga/d7.htm。
二、英文部分
（一）專書
Bailey, M. T., & Mayer R. T. (1992). (Eds.). Public Management in an Interconnected World: Essays in the Minnowbrook Tradition. New York: Greenwood Press.
Bailey, M. T. (1992). Beyond Rationality: Decisionmaking in a Interconnected World. In M. T. Bailey & R. T. Mayer (Eds.). Public Management in an Interconnected World (33-52). New York: Greenwood Press.
Baradat, L. P. (1991). Political Ideologies. (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall Inc..
Barbalet, J. M. (1988). Citizenship. Minneapolis, Minn.: The University of Minnesota Press.
Barber, B. (1986). Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley, C. A.: University of California Press.
Barnard, C. I. (1938). The Functions of the Executive. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Barth, T. J. (1996). Administering in the Public Interest: the Facilitative Role for PublicAdministrators. In G. L. Wamsley & J. F. Wolf (Eds.), Refounding Democratic Public Administration: Modern Paradoxes, Postmodern Challenges (168-197). Thousand Oaks, C. A.: Sage Publications, Inc..
Baum, H. (1990). Appendix: Selected Responses to the Blacksburg Manifesto. In Gary L. Wamsley et al. (Co-authored), Refounding Public Administration. (307). Newbury Park, C. A.: Sage.
Baynes, K. (1992). The Normative Grounds of Social Criticism: Kant, Rawls, and Habermas. Albany, N. Y.: State University of New York Press.
Behn, R. D. (1991). Leadership Counts: Lessons for Public Managers from the Massachusetts Welfare, Training, and Employment Program. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Bellah, R. N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W. M., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S. M. (1985). Habits of the Heart. Berkeley and Los Angeles, C. A. : University of California Press.
─── (1992). The Good Society. New York, N. Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc..
Bergquist W. (1993). The Postmodern Organization: Mastering the Art of Irreversible Change. San Francisco, C. A.: Jossey-Bass Inc..
Bernstein, R. J. (1976). The Restructuring of Social and Political Theory. London, U. K.: Metheu & Co. Ltd..
─── (1983). Beyond Objectivism and Relativism: Science, Hermeneutics, and Praxis. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
─── (1991). The New Constellation: the Ethical-Political Horizons of Modernity/Postmodernity. Cambridge, U. K.: Polity Press.
Blaikie, N. (1993). Approaches to Social Enquiry. Oxford, U. K.: Polity Press.
Bottomore, T. B., & Mulkay, M. J. (Eds.). (1984). The Limits of Rationality: An Essay on the Social and Moral Thought of Max Weber. London, U. K.: George Allen & Unwin Ltd..
Botwinick, A. (1993). Postmodernism and Democratic Theory. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Bozeman, B. (1993). (Ed.). Public Management: the State of the Art. San Francisco, C. A.: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
─── (1993). Introduction: Two Concepts of Public Management. In B. Bozeman (Ed.), Public Management: the State of the Art (1-5). San Francisco, C. A.: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Bradley, D. R. (1990). Appendix: Selected Responses to the Blacksburg Manifesto. In Gary L. Wamsley et al. (Co-authored), Refounding Public Administration. (307). Newbury Park, C. A.: Sage.
Bryman, A. (1988). Quantity and Quality in Social Research. London: Unwin Hyman Ltd..
Burrell, G., & Morgan, G. (1979). Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis: Elements of the Sociology of Corporate Life. Hants, England: Gower Publishing Company Limited.
Callinicos, A. T. (1989). Against Postmodernism: A Marxist Critique. Cambridge, U. K.: Polity Press.
Canetti, E. (1963). Crowds and Powers. New York, N. Y.: Viking.
Catron, B. L. (1990). Appendix: Selected Responses to the Blacksburg Manifesto. In Gary L. Wamsley et al. (Co-authored), Refounding Public Administration. (308). Newbury Park, C. A.: Sage.
Chandler, R. C. (Ed.). (1987). A Centennial History of the American Administrative State. New York: Macmillan.
Cilliers, P. (1998). Complexity and Postmodernism: Understanding Complex Systems. New York, N. Y.: Routledge.
Clay, J. A. (1996). Public-Institutional Processes and Democratic Governance. In G. L. Wamsley, & J. F. Wolf (Eds.), Refounding Democratic Public Administration: Modern Paradoxes, Postmodern Challenges (92-113). Thousand Oaks, C. A.: Sage.
Clegg, S. R. (1994). Max Weber and contemporary sociology of organizations. In L. J. Ray & M. Reed (Eds.), Organizing Modernity (pp. 46-80). New York, N. Y.: Routledge.
Cohen, I. J. (1989). Structuration Theory: Anthony Giddens and the Constitution of Social Life. London, U. K.: Macmillan Education Ltd..
Cooke, D. O. (1990). Appendix: Selected Responses to the Blacksburg Manifesto. In Gary L. Wamsley et al. (Co-authored), Refounding Public Administration. (310). Newbury Park, C. A.: Sage.
Crook, S., Pakulski, J., & Waters, M. (1992). Postmodernization: Change in Advanced Society. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications Inc..
Dahl, R. A. (1989). Democracy and its Critics. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Dallmayr, F. R. (1981). Beyond Dogma and Despair: Toward a Critical Phenomenology of Politics. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.
─── (1987). Critical Encounters: Between Philosophy and Politics. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.
Davis, G., & Weller, P. (1996). (Eds.). New Ideas, Better Government. St. Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin Pty Ltd..
Denhardt, R. B. (1993). Theories of Public Organization. C. A.: Wadsworth, Publishing Inc..
Dennard, L. F. (1990). The Maturation of Public Administration: the Search for a Democratic Identity. In G. L. Wamsley, & J. F. Wolf (Eds.), Refounding Democratic Public Administration: Modern Paradoxes, Postmodern Challenges (293-326). Thousand Oaks, C. A.: Sage.
Dimock, M. (1990). Appendix: Selected Responses to the Blacksburg Manifesto. In Gary L. Wamsley et al. (Co-authored), Refounding Public Administration. (308). Newbury Park, C. A.: Sage.
Downs, A. (1967). Inside Bureaucracy. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Dryzek, J. S. (1990). Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy, and Political Science. Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press.
Dudley, L. (1996). Fencing in the Inherently Governmental Debate. In G. L. Wamsley, & J. F. Wolf (Eds.), Refounding Democratic Public Administration: Modern Paradoxes, Postmodern Challenges (68-91). Thousand Oaks, C. A.: Sage.
Dunleavy, P., & O’Leary, B. (1987). Theories of the State: The Politics of Liberal Democracy. New York, N. Y.: The Macmillan Press Ltd..
Dunleavy, P. (1991). Democracy, Bureaucracy and Public Choice: Economic Explanations in Political Science. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Dunn, W. N. (1994). Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction (2nd Ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc..
Dye, T. R. (1992). Understanding Public Policy (7th Ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc..
Edge, H. L. (1994). A Constructive Postmodern Perspective on Self and Community: from Atomism to Holism. Lewiston, N. Y.: The Edwin Mellen Press.
Etzioni-Halevy, E. (1993). The Elite Connection: Problems and Potential of Western Democracy. Cambridge, U. K.: Polity Press.
Farmer, D. J. (1995). The Language of Public Administration: Bureaucracy, Modernity, and Postmodernity. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
─── (1998). (Ed.). Papers on the Art of Anti-Administration. Burke, V. A.: Chatelaine Press.
Fay, B. (1976). Social Theory and Political Practice. New York, N. Y.: Holmes & Meuer Publishers, Inc..
─── (1987). Critical Social Science: Liberation and Its Limits. Cambridge, U. K.: Polity Press.
Flathman, R. (1966). The Public Interest: An Essay Concerning the Normative Discourse of Politics. New York, N. Y.: Wiley.
Fox, C. J., & Miller H. T. (1995). Postmodern Public Administration: Toward Discourse. Newbury Park, C. A.: Sage Publication, Inc..
Frederickson, H. G. (1997). The Spirit of Public Administration. San Francisco, C. A.: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Gaarder, J. (1995). Sophie’s World (P. Moller, Trans.). London, U. K.: Phoenix, Orion Books Ltd.. (Original work published 1991).
Gane M., & Johnson, T. (1993). Foucault’s New Domains. New York, N. Y.: Routledge.
Garson, G. D., & Overman, E. S. (1983). Public Management Research in the United States. New York, N. Y.: Praeger Publishers.
Garston, N. (Ed.) (1993). Bureaucracy: Three Paradigms. Norwell, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Garvey, G. (1993). Facing the Bureaucracy: Living and Dying in a Public Agency. San Francisco, C. A.: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Giddens, A. (1976). New Rules of Sociological Method. London, U. K.: Hutchinson.
─── (1979). Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis. Berkeley, C. A.: University of California Press.
─── (1984). The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Berkeley, C. A.: University of California Press.
─── (1987). Social Theory and Modern Sociology. Stanford, C. A.: Stanford University Press.
─── (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge, U. K.: Polity Press.
Goodin, R. E. (1996). Institutions and Their Design. In R. E. Goodin (Ed.), The Theory of Institutional Design (1-53). Cambridge, U. K.: The University of Cambridge Press.
Goodnow, F. J. (1992). Politics and Administration. Reprinted In J. M. Shafritz & A. C. Hyde (Eds.), Classics of Public Administration (3rd Ed.) (25-28). Pacific Grove, C. A.: Book/Cole Publishing Company.
Goodsell, C. T. (1990). Public Administration and the Public Interest. In G. L. Wamsley et al. (Eds.), Refounding Public Administration (96-113). Newbury Park, C. A.: Sage.
─── (1994). The Case for Bureaucracy: a Public Administration Polemic (3rd Ed.). Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House Publishers, Inc..
─── (1998). Public Architecture as Social Anchor in the Postmodern Age. In D. J. Farmer (Ed.). Papers on the Art of Anti-Administration. Burke, V. A.: Chatelaine Press.
Gore, A. (1993). Report of the National Performance Review: Creating a Government that Works Better & Costs Less. Washington, DC: The White House.
Gray, J. (1993). Beyond the New Right. New York, N. Y.: Routledge.
Green, R. T., & Hubbell, L. (1996). On Governance and Reinventing Government. In G. L. Wamsley, & J. F. Wolf (Eds.), Refounding Democratic Public Administration: Modern Paradoxes, Postmodern Challenges (38-67). Thousand Oaks, C. A.: Sage.
Grindle, M. S., & Thomas, J. W. (1991). Public Choices and Policy Change: the Political Economy of Reform in Developing Countries. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Gulick, L. (1992). Notes on the Theory of Organization. In J. M. Shafritz & A. C. Hyde (Eds.), Classics of Public Administration (3rd Ed.) (80-89). Pacific Grove, C. A.: Book/Cole Publishing Company.
Haber, H. F. (1994). Beyond Postmodern Politics: Lyotard, Rorty, Foucault. New York, N. Y.: Routledge.
Halachmi, A., & Bouckaert, G. (Eds.). (1995). The Enduring Challenges in Public Management: Surviving an Excelling in a Changing Word. San Francisco, C. A.: Jossey-Bass Inc..
Ham, C., & Hill, M. (1997). The Policy Process in the Modern Capitalist State (3rd Ed.). New York, N. Y.: Harvester Wheatsheaf Ltd..
Harmon, M. M. (1981). Action Theory for Public Administration. New York, N. Y.: Longman Inc..
Harmon, M. M., ＆ Mayer, R. T. (1986). Organization Theory for Public Administration. Boston: Little, Brown ＆ Company.
Hassard, J. (1993). Postmodernism and Organization Analysis: An Overview. In J. Hassard, & M. Parker (Eds.), Postmodernism and Organizations (1-24). New York, N. Y.: Routledge.
Heckscher, C., & Donnellon, A. (Eds.) (1994). The Post-Bureaucratic Organization. Newbury Park. C. A.: Sage Publications Ltd..
Heller, A., & Feher, F. (1988). The Postmodern Political Condition. Cambridge, U. K.: Polity Press.
Henry, N. (1992). Public Administration and Public Affairs (5th Ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc..
Hill, L. B. (1992). (Ed.). The State of Public Bureaucracy. New York, N. Y.: M. E. Sharpe, Inc..
Hollinger, R. (1994). Postmodernism and the Social Sciences: a Thematic Approach. Thousand Oaks, C. A.: Sage Publications Ltd..
Hood, C. (1998). The Art of the State: Culture, Rhetoric, and Public Management. Oxford, U. K.: Oxford University Press.
Hughes, O. E. (1998). Public Management and Administration (2nd Ed.). New York, N. Y.: St. Martin’s Press, Inc..
Ingraham, P. W., & Romzek, B. S. (1994). Issues Raised by Current Reform Efforts. In J. L. Perry (Ed.), New Paradigms for Government: Issues for the Changing Public Service (1-14). San Francisco, C. A.: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Jameson, F. (1981). The Political Unconsciousness: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press.
Jun, J. S. (1986). Public Administration: Design and Problem Solving. New York, N. Y.: Publishing Company.
Kettl, D. F. (1993). Searching for Clues about Public Management: Slicing the Onion Different Ways. In B. Bozeman (Ed.), Public Management: the State of the Art (55-68). San Francisco, C. A.: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
─── (1994). Managing on the Frontiers of Knowledge: the Learning Organization. In P. W. Ingraham et al. (Co-authored). New Paradigms for Government: Issues for the Changing Public Service (19-40). San Francisco, C. A.: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Kettl, D. F., & Milward, H. B. (1996). (Eds.). The State of Public Management. Baltimore, Maryland: The John Hopkins University Press.
Kingdon, J. W. (1984). Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (2nd Ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lane, L. M. (1996). The Public Administration and the Problem of the Presidency. In G. L. Wamsley, & J. F. Wolf (Eds.), Refounding Democratic Public Administration: Modern Paradoxes, Postmodern Challenges (225-259). Thousand Oaks, C. A.: Sage.
Law, J. Organization, Narrative and Strategy. In J. Hassard, & M. Parker (Eds.), Toward a New Theory of Organizations (248-268). New York, N. Y.: Routledge.
Linden, R. M. (1994). Seamless Government: Practical Guide to Re-engineering in Public Sector. San Francisco, C. A.: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Little, J. H. (1996). Thinking Government: Bring Democratic Awareness to Public Administration. In G. L. Wamsley, & J. F. Wolf (Eds.), Refounding Democratic Public Administration: Modern Paradoxes, Postmodern Challenges (327-350). Thousand Oaks, C. A.: Sage.
Luke, J. S. (1992). Managing Interconnectedness: the New Challenge for Public Administration. In M. T. Bailey & R. T. Mayer (Ed.). Public Management in an Interconnected World. (13-32). New York: Greenwood Press.
Lynn, Jr., L. E. (1996). Public Management as Art, Science, and Profession. Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House Publishers, Inc..
Lyotard, Jean-Francois (1984). The Postmodern Condition: a Report on Knowledge. (G. Bennington, & B. Massouri, Trans.). Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press.
─── (1988). The Differend: Phrase in Dispute. (G. Van Den Abbeele, Trans.). Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press.
Lyotard, Jean-Francois, & Thebaund, Jean-Loup (1985). Just Gaming. (W. Godzich, Trans.). Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press.
March, J. G., & Olsen J. P. (1989). Rediscovering Institutions: the Organizational Basis of Politics. New York, N. Y.: Free Press.
Marini, F. (1971). (Ed.). Toward a New Public Administration: the Minnowbrook Perspective. New York, N. Y.: Chandler Publishing Co..
─── (1971). The Minnowbrook Perspective and the Future of Public Administration Education. In F. Marini, (Ed.), Toward a New Public Administration: the Minnowbrook Perspective (346-367). New York, N. Y.: Chandler Publishing Co..
─── (1992). Introduction. In M. T. Bailey & R. T. Mayer (Ed.). Public Management in an Interconnected World. (1-9). New York: Greenwood Press.
May, T. (1995). The Moral Theory of Poststructuralism. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
McCollough T. E. (1991). The Moral Imagination and Public Life. Chatam, N. J.: Chatam House Publishers.
McSwite, O. C. (1996). Postmodernism, Public Administration, and the Public Interest. In G. L. Wamsley & J. F. Wolf (Eds.), Refounding Democratic public Administration: Modern Paradoxes, Postmodern Challenges (198-224). Thousand Oaks, C. A.: Sage Publications, Inc..
McSwite, O. C. (1997d). Legitimacy in Public Administration: A Discourse Analysis. Thousand Oaks, C. A.: Sage Publications, Inc..
─── (1998). Stories from the “Real World”: Administering Anti-Administratively. In D. J. Farmer (Ed.). Papers on the Art of Anti-Administration. Burke, V. A.: Chatelaine Press.
Miller, H. T., & Fox, C. J. (1997). Postmodernism, “Reality”, & Public Administration: A Discourse. Burke, Virginia: Chatelaine Press.
Milward, H. B. (1994). Implications of Contracting Out: New Roles for the Hollow State. In J. L. Perry. (Ed.), New Paradigms for Government: Issues for the Changing Public Service (41-62). San Francisco, C. A.: Jossey- Bass Publishers.
Moore, M. H. (1995). Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Morgan, D. F. (1994). The Public Interest. In , T. L. Cooper (Ed.) Handbook of administrative ethics. New York, N. Y.: Marcel Dekker.
Morgan, G. (1986). Image of Organization. Newbury Park, C. A.: Sage Publications Ltd..
─── (1993). Imanginization: The Art of Creative Management. Newbury Park, C. A.: Sage Publications Ltd..
─── (1998). Images of Organization: the Executive Edition. Thousand, C. A.: Sage Publications.
Nietzsche, F. (1967). The Will to Power (W. Kaufman & R. J. Hollingdale Trans.). New York, N. Y.: Vintage Books.
Oldfield, A. (1990). Citizenship and Community: Civic Republicanism and Modern World. New York, N. Y.: Routledge.
O’Nell, J. (1995). The Poverty of Postmodernism. New York, N. Y.: Routledge.
Osborne, D., & Gaebler, T. (1992). Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming the Public Sector. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc..
Ostrom, V. (1974). The Intellectual Crisis in American Public Administration. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press.
Palmer, D. D. (1999). Structuralism and Poststructuralism for Beginners. New York, N. Y.: Writers and Readers Publishing Inc..
Parkin, J. (1994). Public Management: Technocracy, Democracy and Organizational Reform. Brookfield, Vermont: Avebury Ashgate Publishing Limited.
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