中文資料
書籍：
上海大學上海合作組織公共外交研究院(2013)，吉爾吉斯斯坦獨立後的政治經濟發展，上海大學出版社。
王明珂(2009)，遊牧者的抉擇，台北：中央研究院。
包毅(2015)，中亞國家的政治轉型，北京：社會科學文獻出版社。
胡振華(2006)，中亞五國志，北京：中央民族大學出版社。
陳其南(1990)，家族與社會：台灣和中國社會研究的基礎理念，台北：聯經出版社。
焦一強(2010)，從「民主島」到「鬱金香革命」：吉爾吉斯斯坦政治轉型研究，蘇州：蘇州大學出版社。
項英杰(1996)，中亞：馬背上的文化，台北：淑馨。
馮鋼(1999)，馬克斯．韋伯：文明與精神，杭州：杭州大學出版社。
趙延鵬(2014)，吉爾吉斯斯坦政治轉型過程中的憲政危機研究，北京：外交學院。
鍾倫納(1997)，應用社會科學研究法，台北：台灣商務印書。
譯作：
Anthony Giddens著(1994)，簡惠美譯，資本主義與現代社會理論：馬克思．涂爾幹．韋伯，台北：遠流出版社。
Marin Marinov等著 (2007)，褚耐安譯，第五塊金磚，台北：長智文化。
David W. Steward 著(2000)，董旭英、黃儀娟譯，次級資料研究法，台北：弘智文化出版社。
論文期刊：
包毅(2016)，「中亞國家發展進程中的政治穩定與政治危機」，俄羅斯東歐中亞研究，第1期。
汪金國(2002)，「關於中亞社會“俄羅斯化”概念的理論探討」，東歐中亞研究，第5期。
徐海燕(2011)，「國家治理與政治穩定：以吉爾吉斯斯坦轉軌為視角」，當代世界社會主義問題，第二期（總第108期）。
徐鋒(2006)，「牽制權力運行的非正式–兼論程序與政策活動的民主和科學」，北大期刊，第5期。
崔琳(2014)，「從族裔聯邦主義到公民中央集權：俄羅斯聯邦民族政策之研究」，歐洲國際評論，第10期，頁35-64。黃宗昊(2010)，「歷史制度主義的方法立場與理論建構」，問題與研究，第49卷，第3期。楚豐翼(2010)，「國內矛盾與大國利益交織的吉爾吉斯政局」，傳承，第11期。
蔡相廷(2010)，「歷史制度主義的興起與研究取向–政治學研究途徑的探討」，臺北市立教育大學學報，第41卷，第2期。
英文資料
書籍：
Akramov, K. T. and Omuraliev, N.(2009), Institutional Change, Rural Services and Agricutural Performance in Kyrgyzstan, International Food Policy Research Institute.
Akyildiz, S. and Carlson,R. (2013), Social and Culture Change in Central Asia: The Soviet Legacy (Central Asia Research Forum), Routledge.
Anderson, J. (2013), Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia''s Island of Democracy? (Postcommunist States and Nations) ,London: Routledge.
Bach, Gazibo, eds. (2012), Neopatrimonialism in Africa and Beyond, London: Routledge.
Bratton, M. and Walle, N. (1997), Democratic Experiments in Africa, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Burghart, Dan, and Theresa Sabonis-Helf, eds. (2005), In the Tracks of Tamerlane: Central Asia’s Path to the 21st Century. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific.
Collins, K. (2009), Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia, London: Cambridge.
Eisenstadt, S. (1973), Traditional Patrimonialism and Modern Neopatrimonialism, London: Sage.
Eisenstadt, S. N. and Roniger, L. (1984), Patrons, Clients and Friends: Interpersonal Relations and the Structure of Trust in Society, Cambridge University Press.
Elster, J., Offe, C. and Preuss Ulrich K.(1998), Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies: Rebuilding the Ship at Sea ,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1940), The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Glenn, J. (1999), The Soviet Legacy in Central Asia, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Golden, P. B. (2011), Central Asia in World History (New Oxford World History), Oxford University Press.
Gullette, D. (2010), The Genealogical Construction of the Kyrgyz Republic: Kinship, State and Tribalism, Kent: Global Oriental.
Igmen, A. (2012), Speaking Soviet with an Accent: Culture and Power in Kyrgyzstan (Central Eurasia in Context), University of Pittsburgh Press.
Kolstoe, P. (1995), Russians in the former Soviet Republic, London: Hurst & company.
Loring, B. H. (2008), Building Socialism in Kyrgyzstan: Nation-Making, Rural Development and Social Change, MA: Brandeis University.
Luong, P. J. (2002), Institutional Change and Political Continuity in Post-Soviet Central Asia: Power, Perceptions, and Pacts. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mastyugina T. and Perepelkin L. (1996), ed. Vitaly Naumkin and Irina Zviagelskaia, An Ethnic History of Russia: Pre-revolutionary times to the Present, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press .
Mayhew, B. (2007), Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Footscray, Vic., Oakland, Ca: Lonely Planet.
McGlinchey, E. (2011), Chaos, Violence, Dynasty: Politics and Islam in Central Asia, Pittsburgh :University of Pittsburgh Press.
Mcmann, K. M. (2006), Economic Autonomy and Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
North, D. C. (1990), Institutions, Institutional Changes, and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ledeneva, A. V. (2006), How Russia Really Works: The Informal Practices That Shaped Post-Soviet Politics and Business, New York: Cornell University Press.
Liu, M. Y. (2012), Under Solomon’s Throne: Uzbek Vision of Renewal in Osh, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Olcott, M. B. (2005), Central Asia’s Second Chance. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Pomfret, R. (2007), “Central Asia since the Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Economic Reforms and Their Impact on State-Society Relations”, PGDT, pp. 313-343.
Roy, O. (2000), The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations, New York: New York University Press.
Sikkink, K. (1991), Idea and Institutions: Developmentalism in Brazil and Argentina, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
期刊論文：
Abdukadirov, S. (2009), “The Failure of Presidentialism in Central Asia”, Asian Journal of Political Science, V. 17, No. 3, pp. 285-298.
Alkan, H. (2009), “Post-Soviet politics in Kyrgyzstan: between centralism and localism?”, Contemporary Politics, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 355–375.
Bäck, H. and Hadenius, A. (2008), “Democracy and State Capacity: Exploring a J-Shaped Relationship”, Governance, No.1, pp. 1-24.
Bader, M. (2010), “The Curious Case of Political Party Assistance in Central Asia”, OSCE Academy, pp. 1-15.
Bader, M. (2012), “The Legacy of Empire: A Genealogy of Post-Soviet Election Laws”, Review of Central and East European Law, No.37, pp. 449-472.
Bunce,V. (2003), “Electoral System and Elite Bargaining in Central Asia”, International Studies Review, No. 5, pp. 270-272.
Charron, N. and Lapuente, V. (2011), “Which Dictators Produce Quality of Government?”, Studies of Comparative International Development, No. 4, pp. 397-423.
Clare, J. (2007), “Democratization and International Conflict: The Impact of Institutional Legacies”, Journal of Peace Research, No. 3, pp. 259-276.
Collins, K. (2004), “The Logic of Clan Politics: Evidence from the Central Asian Trajectories”, World Politics, No. 56, pp. 224-261.
Engvall, J. (2011), “Flirting with State Failure Power and Politics in Kyrgyzstan since Independence”, Silk Road Paper, pp. 1-101.
Erdmann, G. and Engel, U. (2003), “Neopatrimonialism Reconsidered: Critical Review and Elaboration of an Elusive Concept”, Commonwealth & Comparative politics, V.40, Issue 1, pp. 95-119.
Erdmann, G. and Engel, U. (2006), “Beyond a Catch-All Concept”, GIGA Working Paper, No. 16, pp. 1-39.
Fisun, O. (2012), “Rethinking Post-Soviet Politics from a Neopatrimonial Perspective”, Demokratiaztsiya, pp. 87-96.
Fortin, J. (2012), “Is There a Necessary Condition for Democracy? The Role of State Capacity in Post-Communist Countries”, Comparative Political Studies, Vol.45, No.7, pp. 903-930.
Gel’man, V. (2004), “The Unrule of Law in the Making: the Politics of Informal Institution Building in Russia”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 56, No. 7, pp.1021-1040.
Grzymala-Busse, A. (2010), “The Best Laid Plans: The Impact of Informal Rules on Formal Institutions in Transitional Regimes”, Springer Science, No. 45, pp. 311-333.
Gullette, D. (2007), “Theories on Central Asian factionalism: the debate in political science and its wider applications”, Central Asian Survey, No. 3, pp. 373-387.
Gullete, D. (2015), “Tribalism in Kyrgyzstan Examined”, CA&CC Press AB, pp. 1-14.
Hale, H. E. (2014), “Two Decades of Post-Soviet Regime Dynamics”, Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 71-78.
Hansen and Dukenbaev (2003), “Understanding Politics in Kyrgyzstan”, Demstar, pp. 1-53.
Hanson, J. (2015), “State Capacity and Authoritarian Resilience: Conceptualizing and Measuring the Institutional Underpinnings of Autocratic Power”, University of Sussex, pp. 1-23.
Helmke, G. and Levitsky, S.(2003), “Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda”, Working Paper 307, September.
Hierman, B.(2010), “What Use Was the Election to us? Clientelism and Political Trust Amongst Ethnic Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan”, Nationalities Papers, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 245–263.
Hoen, H. W. (2010), “Transition strategies in Central Asia: is there such a thing as ‘shock-versus-gradualism’?”, Economic and Environmental Studies, V. 10, No. 2, pp. 229-245.
Hopkin J. (2006), “Conceptualizing Political Clientelism: Political Exchange and Democratic Theory”, APSA, pp. 1-19.
Imanalieva, B. (2015), “Political Parties in the Kyrgyz Republic: Their Organization and Functioning”, Voices from Central Asia, No. 22, pp.1-8.
Isaacs, R. (2013), “Nur Otan, Informal Networks and the Countering of Elite Instability in Kazakhstan: Bringing the ''Formal'' Back In”, Europe-Asia Studies, No. 6, pp. 1055–1079.
Jonhson, J. (2001), “Path Contingency in Postcommunist Transformations,” Comparative Politics, No. 33:3, pp. 253-274.
Jureav, S. (2008), “Kyrgyz Democracy? The Tulip Revolution and Beyond”, Central Asia Survey, Vol. 27, Nos. 3-4, pp. 253-264.
Juraev, S. (2010), “The Third Restart: Challenges for Democracy in Post-Bakiyev Kyrgyzstan”, Ponars Policy Memo, No. 107, p. 1-6.
Khanin, V. (2000), “Kyrgyzstan: Ethnic Pluralism and Political Conflicts”, CA&CC Press, pp.1-12.
Kokaisl, P. (2013), “The Lifestyles and Changes in Culture of Afghan Kyrgyz and Kyrgyz in Kyrgyzstan”, Asian Ethnicity, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 407-433.
Krasner, S. D. (1984), “Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics”, Comparative politics, Vol. 16, No.2, No. 1.
Kubicek, P. (1998), “Authoritarianism in Central Asia: curse or cure?”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 29-43.
Laruelle, M. (2012), “Discussing Neopatrimonialism and Patronal Presidentialism in the Central Asia Context”, Demokratiaztsiya, pp. 301-324.
Lauth, H. (2004), “Formal and Informal Institutions: Structuring their Mutual Co-existence”, Romanian Journal of Political Science, No.1, pp. 66-88.
Lewis, D. (2012), “Understanding the Authoritarian State: Neopatrimonialism in Central Asia”, Brown Journal of World Affair, Vol. 19, Issue 1, pp. 115-126.
Malashenko, A. (2012), "Doomed to Eternity and Stagnation", Russian Politics and Law, V.50, Issue 4, pp.73-95
Marat, E. (2012), “Kyrgyzstan: A Parliamentary System Based on Inter-Elite Consensus”, Demokratiaztsiya, pp. 325-344.
Matveeva, A. (1999), “Democratization, Legitimacy and Political Change in Central Asia”, International Affair, No. 17, pp. 23-44.
Melville, A., Stukal, D., Mironiuk M. (2014),” “King of the Mountain,” or Why Postcommunist Autocracies Have Bad Institutions”, Russian Social Science Review, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 16-38.
Moller, J. and Skaaning, S. (2011), “Stateness First?”, Democratization, No. 1, pp. 1-24.
Momunva, A. (2012), “Party and Clan Politics in Kyrgyzstan”, CEU eTD Collection, pp. 1-67.
Nogoybaeva, E. (2007), "Political Elites of Kyrgyzstan: How They Appeared and How They Interact", Central Asia and the Caucasus, No. 1(43), pp.101-109.
North, D. C. (1991), "Institutions", The Journal of Economic Perspectives, No. 1, pp.97-112.
Phillips, A. and James, P. (2001), "National Identity between Tradition and Reflexive Modernisation: The contradictions of Central Asia", National Identities, V. 3, No. 1,pp. 23-33.
Pop-Eleches, G. (2007), “Historical Legacies and Post-Communist Regime Change”, The Journal of Politics, No. 4, pp. 908-926.
Pridham, G. (2014), “Post-Communist Democratizations and Historical Legacy Problems”, Central Europe, No.1, pp. 82-98.
Pryde, I. (1994), “Kyrgyzstan: The Trials of Independence”, Journal of Democracy, V. 5, No. 1, pp. 109-120.
Rahimov, M. (2007), “From Soviet Republics to Independent Countries: Challenges of Transition in Central Asia”, PGDT, No. 6, pp. 291-312.
Satybaldieva, E. (2015), “Political Capital, Everyday Politics and Moral Obligations: Understanding the Political Strategies of Various Elites and the Poor in Kyrgyzstan”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 67, No.3, pp. 370-387.
Starr, S. F. (2006), “Clans, Authoritarian Rulers, and Parliaments in Central Asia”, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road studies Program, pp.1-25.
Terirkoulov, A. (2004), “Tribalism, Social Conflict, and State-Building in the Kyrgyz Repbulic”, Berliner Osteuropa Info, p. 94-100.
Theobald, R. (1982), "Patrimonialism", World Politics, V. 34, I. 4, pp. 548-559.
Tsui, L. (2015), “Institutional Legacy and Political transition in Central Asia”, Carnegie Moscow Centre & Taiwan Journal of Democracy, pp. 1-33.
Urmanov, E. (2006), “Civil Service Today: Problems and Solutions”, Kyrgyzstan Brief 2, p. 40.
書籍中論文：
Babak V. (2004) “The Formation of Political Parties and Movements in Central Asia”, In Democracy and Pluralism in Muslim Eurasia, Edited by Yaacov Ro’i, 143–164. London and New York: Frank Cass.
Bratton M. and Walle V., (1997), Democracy experiments in Africa: Regime transitions in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ishiyama, J. (2002), “Neopatrimonialism and the prospects for democratization in the Central Asian republics”, Sally N. Cummings., Power and change in Central Asia, New York: Routledge, pp. 42-56.
Lijphart, A. (1994), “Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: does it make a difference?”, J. J. Linz and A. Valenzuela eds., The Failure of Presidential Democracy, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, pp. 3-90.
Radnitz, S. (2010), “A horse of a Different Color: Revolution and Regression in Kyrgyzstan,”, Valerie Bunce, Michael McFaul, Kathryn., Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Postcommunist World, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 300-324.
Shugart, M. S. (1997), “Politicians, Parties, and Presidents: an Exploration of Post-Authoritarian Institutional Design"”, in Liberalization and Leninist Legacies: Comparative Perspectives on Democratic Transitions, ed. Beverly Crawford, Arend Lijphart, California: Regents of the University of California.
Way, L. (2009), “State Power and Autocratic Stability”, in The Politics of Transition in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Enduring Legacies and Emerging Challenges, ed. Amanda E Wooden, Christoph H. Stefes, Oxon: Routledge.
網路資料
中文
齊光裕(2009)，「中亞五國憲政發展析論」，<http://w3.uch.edu.tw/clay/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E9%81%B8/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%94%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BF%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%9E%90%E8%AB%96%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%E9%BD%8A%E5%85%89%E8%A3%95%E6%95%99%E6%8E%882.pdf> 1-12頁。（3/25/2015）
百度地圖，< http://tieba.baidu.com/p/1695549358> （2016/5/18）
陳永健(2015)，「絲綢之路經濟帶各個中亞市場概覽」，HKTDC，<http://hkmb.hktdc.com/tc/1X0A4C4W/%E7%B6%93%E8%B2%BF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E7%B5%B2%E7%B6%A2%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%B8%B6%E5%90%84%E5%80%8B%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E6%A6%82%E8%A6%BD> （2016/5/18）
盧昌鴻，「沙俄如何吞併中亞」，石油觀察，＜http://www.oilobserver.com/history/article/1366＞ (2016/2/25)。
「聯合國秘書長潘基文呼籲吉爾吉斯斯坦加快民族和解進程」，聯合國新聞，<http://www.un.org/chinese/News/story.asp?NewsID=24192> (3/25/2016)。
英文
Bruce Pannier (2005), “Kyrgyzstan: Lawmaker Murdered In Apparent Mafia-Related Shooting”, Radio Free Europe, <http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1061598.html> (4/17/2016)
Catherine Putz, “Final Results Confirmed in Kyrgyz Parliamentary Race”, Crossroads Asia, < http://thediplomat.com/2015/10/final-results-confirmed-in-kyrgyz-parliamentary-race/> (12/16/2015)
Cholpon Orozobekova (2005), “Kyrgyzstan: Fury Over Lavish Funeral Ban”, Globlal Voices, < https://iwpr.net/global-voices/kyrgyzstan-fury-over-lavish-funeral-ban> (9/12/2015)
Jack farchy, “Voters celebrate Kyrgyzstan’s democratic experiment”, Financial Times, <http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7b833598-6a82-11e5-aca9-d87542bf8673.html#axzz3o9vPQjgs> (1/30/2016)
“Kyrgyzstan Electoral Manipulation in Central Asia”, ace: the electoral knowledge website, < http://aceproject.org/ero-en/topics/electoral-systems/Kyrgyzstan.doc/view > (9/12/2015)
“Political parties of the Kyrgyz Republic: genesis, basis, prospects”, The National Institute for Strategic Studies of the Kyrgyz Republic, <http://www.nisi.kg/en-analytics-777> (2/26/2016)
Venerakhan Torobekova, “Clan Politics or Patron-Client Relations in Post-Soviet Central Asia: In Postcolonial Discourse”, <http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/jcrees/2013Osaka/53Torobekova.pdf> (9/12/2015)