Hepatite B e HIV/AIDS – A representação social das doenças e a análise da imunização contra o vírus da hepatite B entre os alunos de Odontologia
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2016-11-18
Autores
Wakayama, Bruno [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A hepatite B e a AIDS são doenças virais de grandes destaques na saúde pública, devido seus elevados índices epidemiológicos, de morbidade e mortalidade. O estigma criado às doenças virais, principalmente pelo vírus da hepatite B (VHB) e vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), repercute de forma negativa e impactante à vida da pessoa infectada, gerando atitudes discriminatórias e preconceituosas, principalmente no acesso aos serviços de saúde. Entre as duas doenças, a hepatite B é a única que tem a imunoprevenção, a qual é realizada através da vacinação. A imunização contra VHB é a principal forma de prevenção da doença, além de ser uma medida de autocuidado que deve ser preconizado no exercício da odontologia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento e a existência da discriminação, através das atitudes dos graduandos em odontologia, frente à representação da Hepatite B e HIV/AIDS; e verificar a imunização dos graduandos, contra o vírus da hepatite B utilizando o teste imunocromatográfico, para o rastreamento de anticorpos anti-HBs. No primeiro capítulo, o universo amostral do estudo foi composto de todos os alunos de graduação regularmente matriculados (n=525). Foi criado um inquérito semiestruturado e autoaplicável, exclusivamente para este estudo, que versava sobre HIV/AIDS e Hepatite B. No segundo capítulo, foram convidados a participar da pesquisa, todos os alunos que desenvolviam atividades clínicas (n=263). Como instrumento de pesquisa, foi utilizado um inquérito semiestruturado e autoaplicável que abordava o tema hepatite B. Além disso, para verificar a existência de anticorpos contra o VHB entre os participantes do estudo, foi empregado o teste imunocromatográfico anti-HBsAg (Wama-Brasil). Para análise estatística dos dados, foi utilizado o pacote estatístico SPSS versão 21.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Em relação aos resultados, a taxa de participação do estudo foi de 88% (462). Quanto ao conhecimento dos alunos sobre o agente etiológico da AIDS e hepatite B, 58,9% e 55,8%, respectivamente, acertaram. Observou-se que 91,8% e 85,3% dos alunos, respectivamente, atenderiam em seus consultórios pacientes infectados pelo VHB e HIV, entretanto, grande parte dos mesmos, acreditava na existência de diferenças no protocolo clínico de atendimento a esses indivíduos. Além disso, verificou-se que apenas 31,4% e 38,7% dos graduandos consentiriam em ser atendido por um cirurgião-dentista com AIDS e hepatite B. No segundo capítulo, obteve-se 89,35% (n=235) de taxa de participação ao estudo. Dos 208 (89,7%) alunos que tomaram a vacina contra o VHB, apenas 53,2% estavam imunizados contra o vírus. Verificaram-se associações estatísticas em relação àqueles que tomaram menos de três doses (OR=2,539) e que não sabiam quantas doses tinham tomado (OR=3,022). Já a idade, (OR=0,834) se mostrou como um fator de proteção à imunização. Conclui-se que as atitudes dos alunos frente ao VHB e HIV, foram consideradas discriminatórias, principalmente pelos acadêmicos do primeiro ano de graduação. Houve uma maior expressividade no receio de ser atendido por um profissional infectado, ao invés de tratar um paciente doente. Além disso, verificou-se uma baixa prevalência de graduandos em odontologia imunizados contra o vírus da hepatite B.
Hepatitis B and AIDS are viral diseases of great impact in the public health system because its high epidemiological morbidity and mortality. The stigma created about viral diseases, especially hepatitis B (HBV) and HIV affects negatively and is impacting the life of the infected person, generating discriminatory and prejudicial attitudes, especially in access to health services. Among the two diseases, hepatitis B is the one that has the vaccine prevention, which is reached by vaccination. Immunization against HBV is the main way to prevent the disease, as well as being a matter of self-care, which should be emphasized in the practice of dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and the existence of discrimination, the attitudes of students in dentistry, in relationship to the representation of Hepatitis B and HIV / AIDS; also checked the immunization of students in dentistry, against hepatitis B virus using the imuno test for the search of anti-HBs antibodies. In the first chapter, the samples of the study were all from undergraduate students enrolled (n = 525). A self-administered semi-structured survey was exclusively created for this study, which was about HIV / AIDS and Hepatitis B. In the second chapter, were invited to participate in the study, all students who developed clinical activities (n = 263). The research was used in a self-administered semi-structured survey that addressed the theme hepatitis B. In addition, to check for antibodies against HBV among the participants of the study, we used the immunoassay anti-HBsAg (Wama-Brazil). For the statistical analysis, we used the statistical package SPSS version 21.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Regarding the results, the rate of participation in the study was 88% (462). As the students' knowledge of the etiological agent of AIDS and hepatitis B, 55.8% and 58.9% were respectively coherent. It was observed that 91.8% and 85.3% of students, would attend in their offices patients infected with HBV and HIV, however, most of them believed in the existence of differences in the clinical protocol of care for those individuals. Moreover, it was found that only 38.7% and 31.4% of the students consent to be treated by a dental surgeon with hepatitis B or AIDS. In the second chapter, it obtained 89.35% (n = 235) rate of participation in the study. From 208 (89.7%) students who took the vaccine against HBV, only 53.2% were immunized against the virus. There were statistical associations, compared to those who took less than three doses (OR = 2.539) and did not know how many doses should be taken (OR = 3,022). In contrast, age (OR = 0.834) was shown as a protective factor to immunization. In conclusion, the attitudes of students regarding HIV and HBV, were considered discriminatory, especially by academics of the first year of graduation. There was a greater expressiveness in fear of being seen by a professional infected, instead of treating a sick patient. Furthermore, there was a low prevalence of dental students immunized against the virus of hepatitis B.
Hepatitis B and AIDS are viral diseases of great impact in the public health system because its high epidemiological morbidity and mortality. The stigma created about viral diseases, especially hepatitis B (HBV) and HIV affects negatively and is impacting the life of the infected person, generating discriminatory and prejudicial attitudes, especially in access to health services. Among the two diseases, hepatitis B is the one that has the vaccine prevention, which is reached by vaccination. Immunization against HBV is the main way to prevent the disease, as well as being a matter of self-care, which should be emphasized in the practice of dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and the existence of discrimination, the attitudes of students in dentistry, in relationship to the representation of Hepatitis B and HIV / AIDS; also checked the immunization of students in dentistry, against hepatitis B virus using the imuno test for the search of anti-HBs antibodies. In the first chapter, the samples of the study were all from undergraduate students enrolled (n = 525). A self-administered semi-structured survey was exclusively created for this study, which was about HIV / AIDS and Hepatitis B. In the second chapter, were invited to participate in the study, all students who developed clinical activities (n = 263). The research was used in a self-administered semi-structured survey that addressed the theme hepatitis B. In addition, to check for antibodies against HBV among the participants of the study, we used the immunoassay anti-HBsAg (Wama-Brazil). For the statistical analysis, we used the statistical package SPSS version 21.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Regarding the results, the rate of participation in the study was 88% (462). As the students' knowledge of the etiological agent of AIDS and hepatitis B, 55.8% and 58.9% were respectively coherent. It was observed that 91.8% and 85.3% of students, would attend in their offices patients infected with HBV and HIV, however, most of them believed in the existence of differences in the clinical protocol of care for those individuals. Moreover, it was found that only 38.7% and 31.4% of the students consent to be treated by a dental surgeon with hepatitis B or AIDS. In the second chapter, it obtained 89.35% (n = 235) rate of participation in the study. From 208 (89.7%) students who took the vaccine against HBV, only 53.2% were immunized against the virus. There were statistical associations, compared to those who took less than three doses (OR = 2.539) and did not know how many doses should be taken (OR = 3,022). In contrast, age (OR = 0.834) was shown as a protective factor to immunization. In conclusion, the attitudes of students regarding HIV and HBV, were considered discriminatory, especially by academics of the first year of graduation. There was a greater expressiveness in fear of being seen by a professional infected, instead of treating a sick patient. Furthermore, there was a low prevalence of dental students immunized against the virus of hepatitis B.
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Palavras-chave
HIV, Hepatite B, Discriminação social, Vacina contra hepatite B, Estudantes de odontologia